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Party for Freedom

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This article is about the present-day Party for Freedom. For the historic party, see Freedom Party (Netherlands).

Party for Freedom
Partij voor de Vrijheid
AbbreviationPVV
LeaderGeert Wilders
Leader in the House of RepresentativesGeert Wilders
Leader in the SenateAlexander van Hattem
Leader in the European ParliamentSebastiaan Stöteler
Founded22 February 2006; 18 years ago (2006-02-22)[1]
Split fromPeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Membership (2024)Steady 1 (Geert Wilders)[1]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing to far-right
European affiliationPatriots.eu
European Parliament group
Colours  Navy blue
  Silver
House of Representatives
37 / 150
Senate
4 / 75
Provincial councils
34 / 570
European Parliament
6 / 31
Benelux Parliament
4 / 21
Website
www.pvv.nl

The Party for Freedom (Dutch: Partij voor de Vrijheid [pɑrˈtɛi voːr də ˈvrɛiɦɛit], PVV) is a nationalist and right-wing populist[2][3][4] political party in the Netherlands. Geert Wilders is the only member of Party for Freedom.[5]

Founded in 2006 as the successor to Wilders' one-man group in the House of Representatives, it won nine seats in the 2006 general election. In the 2010 general election, it won 24 seats, making it the third-largest party. At that time the PVV agreed to provide confidence and supply to the minority first Rutte cabinet. PVV withdrew its support in April 2012 due to differences over budget cuts.[6] In the following 2012 general election, it lost 9 seats. Following the elections, the party returned to the opposition. Furthermore, in the 2017 general election, the Party for Freedom won 20 seats. In the 2023 general election, it became the largest party in the House of Representatives. After the election, it formed the Schoof cabinet.

PVV's main issues are migration and critique of the Islam. The PVV has proposed banning the Quran and shutting down all mosques in the Netherlands.[7][8] The party is Eurosceptic[9][10] and favoured a Nexit until 2024.[11]

History

[edit]

Beginnings (2004–2005)

[edit]

The party's history began with Geert Wilders' departure from the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) in September 2004. Wilders could not accept the VVD's positive stance towards Turkey's possible accession to the European Union, and left the party.[12] He continued in parliament as the one-man group Groep Wilders (Group Wilders).

In June 2005, Wilders was one of the leaders in the campaign against the European Constitution, which was rejected by Dutch voters by 62%.[13]

Growth (2006–2010)

[edit]
Geert Wilders (left) with other politicians at the final television debate before the 2006 Dutch general election

The party won 9 seats in the 2006 Dutch general election.

On 10 January 2007, the PVV announced it would not field candidates at the forthcoming Provincial elections. This meant it would be unrepresented in the Senate.[14]

Geert Wilders in 2007

In 2008, the Friends of the Party of Freedom commissioned a producer, who acted under the name of "Scarlet Pimpernel Productions", a pseudonym adopted out of fear of reprisal,[15] to produce Fitna (Arabic: فِتْنَةٌ), a short film by Geert Wilders. Approximately 17 minutes in length, it shows selected excerpts from Suras of the Qur'an, interspersed with media clips and newspaper cuttings showing or describing acts of violence or hatred by Muslims. The film attempts to demonstrate that the Qur'an motivates its followers to hate all who violate Islamic teachings. Consequently, the film argues that Islam encourages acts of terrorism, antisemitism, violence against women and homosexuals, and Islamic universalism. A large part of the film deals with the influence of Islam on the Netherlands. The film's title, the Arabic word "fitna", means either "disagreement and division among people" or a "test of faith in times of trial".[16] Wilders described the film as "a call to shake off the creeping tyranny of Islamisation".[17]

2010 Municipal elections

[edit]

The PVV only participated in the March 2010 municipal elections in The Hague and Almere, because of a shortage of suitable candidates. MPs Sietse Fritsma and Raymond de Roon led the candidate lists. The PVV became the largest party in Almere with 22% of the votes and second largest in The Hague with 17%. Wilders was lijstduwer in The Hague, and was elected with enough preference votes and subsequently joined the council. Negotiations to join the municipal executive failed in both place, among other because of PVV's insistence to ban headscarves for civil servants.[18]

Coalition government (2010–2012)

[edit]
Maxime Verhagen (left) and Mark Rutte (center) are presenting the coalition agreement with support of the PVV of Geert Wilders (right) in 2010

In the 9 June 2010 general election, the PVV went from nine to 24 seats (of 150), winning over 15% of the votes, making the PVV the third largest party in parliament.[19] During the subsequent cabinet formation, the PVV agreed to provide confidence and supply to a right-wing minority coalition of People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and Christian Democratic Appeal, despite opposition in the latter party. Providing only confidence and supply, it had no representation within the cabinet. The PVV did not have to support everything in the coalition agreement of CDA and VVD, but only which was agreed upon in a separate gedoogakkoord, which included immigration policy, security, healthcare and financial policy.[18]

On 20 March 2012, Hero Brinkman quit the party, citing a lack of democratic structure within the PVV among other things; qualifying this with a statement of continued support for the minority Rutte cabinet.[20] Two days later, three members of the States of North Holland representing the PVV followed him.[21] In July 2012, Marcial Hernandez and Wim Kortenoeven quit the PVV, both citing what they considered to be Wilders' autocratic leadership of the party.[22]

Opposition (2012–2023)

[edit]
Geert Wilders speaking at a Lega Nord event in 2013

In the parliamentary elections of 12 September 2012, the PVV went from 24 to 15 seats (of 150), winning 10% of the vote.[23] In October 2013, the party expelled Louis Bontes, but he kept his seat in parliament.[24]

During election night of the 2014 municipal elections, Wilders asked a crowd of his followers whether they wanted more or less Morrocans, to which the crowd replied with "Less, less, less". This led to commotion, including withing the party. Some municipal and provincial councilors left the party, as well as MPs Roland van Vliet and Joram van Klaveren.[18] Wilders was later found guilty of group insult [nl], but received not sentence.

In the European Parliament election on 22 May 2014, the party kept its four seats in the European Parliament.[25] MEP Hans Jansen died on 5 May 2015 and was replaced by Auke Zijlstra on 1 September 2015.[26] On 16 June 2015, the Party for Freedom and other right-wing nationalist parties in the European Parliament formed the political group Europe of Nations and Freedom.[27][28] Marcel de Graaff of the PVV and Marine Le Pen of the National Front became the first co-presidents of this group.[28]

Geert Wilders during the campaign for the 2017 general election

The Party for Freedom rose in polls during the 2015 European migrant crisis, with the party topping polls from September 2015 through to late February 2017. However, in the relative absence of Geert Wilders during the campaign – notably refusing to participate in both RTL debates – support for the PVV collapsed, and the VVD secured a narrow lead in the final weeks before the election. The 2017 Dutch–Turkish diplomatic incident happened less than a week before the election; it was speculated that this benefited the Prime Minister's party (VVD), as Rutte's response to the incident was well received.[29]

For the 2017 general election, the PVV had an election platform of a single page.[30] The party won 20 seats (of 150) according to the preliminary results, which was five seats more than in the previous election in 2012, making it the second-largest party in parliament.[31] Despite ending second, the PVV played no role in the 2017 cabinet formation because all major parties said they would not form a government coalition with the PVV.[32]

The party performed poorly in the 2019 provincial elections and reported issues attracting suitable candidates, losing 26 seats, with the Forum for Democracy taking many of its voters.[33] The party saw its best performance in Limburg in which it won seven representatives.[34] The party also saw a setback during the 2019 European Parliament election in which it did not return any MEPs, but was allocated one in post-Brexit appointments which was taken by Marcel de Graaff until 2022, when he defected to FvD.[35] The party finished in third place during the 2021 Dutch general election.

Largest party in parliament (2023–present)

[edit]

The party saw a massive resurgence in support and its best result to date during the 2023 general election in which it finished in first place.[36][37][38] International media referred to the result as both "one of the biggest political upsets in Dutch politics since World War II" and as a landslide victory for the PVV.[39] Some political analysts wrote that the PVV's rise in support was thanks to Wilders' strong performances during TV debates.[citation needed] It was also noted Wilders had softened some of his statements and moderated some of the PVV's positions, and that immigration was one of the most important issues of the election which helped to boost his appeal.[40]

After the election, PVV parliamentarian Martin Bosma was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives making it the first time a member of the PVV has held the position.[41]

In May 2024, a provisional deal was struck between the PVV and the NSC, BBB and VVD to form a coalition after six months of talks. During the negotiations, it was agreed by each party in the coalition that none of their leaders would become Prime Minister and the role would be served by an independent politician. The PVV initially nominated Ronald Plasterk for the position, before withdrawing after Plasterk was accused of fraud. The PVV subsequently nominated Dick Schoof, a civil servant and former director-general of the General Intelligence and Security Service for Prime Minister. The Schoof cabinet was sworn in as Prime Minister 2 July 2024 with the PVV politician Fleur Agema serving as Deputy Prime Minister. The PVV was also allocated ministerial positions for immigration, infrastructure, economics and trade. Political commentators have opined that immigration, welfare and environmental policies will be the core focus of the new government.[42]

Ideology

[edit]

The Party for Freedom combines right and left social standpoints in a populistic programme.[1] On certain themes like healthcare, social services and elderly care the PVV can be seen as left and social, though selective.[43] Regarding immigration and culture the party is nationalistic. It believes that the Judeo-Christian and humanist traditions should be taken as the dominant culture in the Netherlands, and that immigrants should adapt accordingly. The party wants a halt to immigration especially from non-Western countries. It is hostile towards the EU, is against future EU enlargement to Muslim-majority countries like Turkey and opposes a dominant presence of Islam in the Netherlands.[44] The party campaigns on a strong counter-jihad agenda.[45] More specifically, the party has called for banning the Quran and shutting down all mosques in the Netherlands.[7][8][46] The party is also opposed to dual citizenship (see below) and welfare chauvinism/state nationalism.[47] However despite combining right and left standpoints, the party is generally considered as right-wing[48][49] to far-right.[50][51][52]

The Party for Freedom's political platform has sometimes overlapped with that of the assassinated Rotterdam politician Pim Fortuyn and his Pim Fortuyn List.[53] Wilders has been described as positioning himself to inherit Fortuyn's former supporters.[54]

On André Krouwel's map of the Dutch political spectrum in 2012, the Party for Freedom is conservative on the socio-cultural axis, and centrist on the socio-economic axis.

In December 2008, the eighth study "Monitor Racism and Extremism",[55] conducted by the Anne Frank Foundation and the Leiden University, has found that the Party for Freedom can be considered far-right, although "with ifs and buts". Economically, they are viewed as a left-wing party; German political scientist Florian Hartleb noted that "different to other radical right-wing populist parties, the PVV’s socio-economic position is more left-wing than that of the radical left Socialist Party".[56] Peter Rodrigues and Jaap van Donselaar, who have academically guided the study, explain this classification with the Islamophobia, nationalism, and "sharp aversion to the strange", subsumed as racism, which they have observed within the party.[57][58]

In January 2010, the report Polarisatie en radicalisering in Nederland[59] (transl. "Polarisation and radicalisation in the Netherlands") by political researchers Moors, Lenke Balogh, Van Donselaar and De Graaff from the Tilburg University research group IVA[60] stated that the PVV was not an extreme right-wing party, but contained some radical right-wing elements. The study claims that the PVV holds xenophobic ideas, but not antisemitic ideas – the PVV describes its culture as Jewish-Christian humanistic.[61] "The PVV statements on Islamisation and non-Western immigrants appear to be discriminatory and the party organisation is authoritarian rather than democratic", said the researchers, who were looking into polarisation and radicalism across the Netherlands. They described the PVV as the "new radical right", a party with a national democratic ideology but without extreme right-wing roots. In particular, the report stated that the party's pro-Israel stance showed that it was not neo-Nazi. It tends however towards a national democratic ideology. Wilders called the report "scandalous"—in particular the link between defending the national interest and the radical right.[citation needed]

Some commentators and international scholarly publications have argued that the party is far-right; for example, the ex-prime minister Van Agt regards the party as ultra-right-wing, and Bert de Vries (CDA) draws comparisons with the small Centre Party.[62] The political scientist Lucardie, on the other hand, considers it necessary to reserve the "far-right" qualification for national socialists and fascists, though PVV is itself widely accused of fascism.[51] International media outlets, similarly, have followed this classification.[63] The party has been regarded by some as anti-Polish, anti-Slavic, anti-Romani and anti-Muslim.[64][65][66][67][68] Wilders however maintains that he is not anti-Muslim, only anti-Islam, summing up his views by stating "I don't hate Muslims, I hate Islam".[69]

Policies and positions

[edit]

Migration

[edit]

The party fielded a controversial motion in the 2007 general deliberations on the immigration budget, calling for a stop to immigration from Muslim countries. The House of Representatives at first declined to bring the motion forward for debate. Justice Minister Ernst Hirsch Ballin said it was in violation of the Dutch constitution and international law.[70] Another motion by the PVV, against police officers wearing veils, did gain a parliamentary majority.[71]

In 2012, the PVV party launched a website named Reporting Centre on Central and East Europeans to receive complaints about Central and East European immigrants in the Netherlands. 'Do you have problems with people from Central and Eastern Europe? Have you lost your job to a Pole, a Bulgarian, a Romanian or another East European? We want to know,' the website states. It displays newspaper headlines such as 'Wouldn't it be better if you went back home?' and 'East Europeans, increasingly criminal'. The European Commission has condemned the website, and EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding declared, "We call on all citizens of the Netherlands not to join in this intolerance. Citizens should instead clearly state on the PVV's website that Europe is a place of freedom."[72][73] The website caused a lot of controversy within the European Union.[74]

In 2021, the PVV called for a ministry for remigration,[75] but removed this policy from its programme for the 2023 Dutch general election.[76]

Dual citizenship

[edit]

The PVV wants to excluded Dutch citizes with dual citizenship from voting, the military,[77] and political offices.[78] The PVV claims that people with dual citizens have unclear loyalty. When in opposition, the party has filed motions of no confidence against members of cabinet with dual citizenships, including Ahmed Aboutaleb and Nebahat Albayrak (both in 2007). When in coalition, he has refrained from filing such a motion; Marlies Veldhuijzen van Zanten (in 2010).[79]

Social issues

[edit]

The party utilizes its liberal stances on issues such as abortion and gay rights to present itself as a "a defender of women and gay people “in the face of the advance of an ‘intolerant and backward Islam".[80]

Foreign policy

[edit]

European Union

[edit]

Since its founding, the PVV has taken a position of Hard Euroscepticism and argues for Dutch withdrawal from the European Union and arranging alternative free trade agreements with Europe. The party states that the EU does not financially benefit the Dutch tax payer, has eroded too much domestic decision making and democracy of its member states and leaves the Netherlands unable to control its borders.[81] In 2016, Wilders called on the Dutch government to offer the Netherlands a referendum on EU membership following Britain's vote to the leave the EU, citing a poll by Een Vandaag which said over half of those surveyed wanted a referendum.[82] Ahead of the 2023 Dutch general election, the PVV again campaign in support of the Netherlands holding a referendum on EU membership. After the election, Wilders said he would pause his support for a Nexit referendum in order to form a government with other parties and instead focus on dismantling or eroding the EU's power from within.[83]

Russia

[edit]

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the PVV voted in parliament to condemn the invasion and called for an end to Russian aggression. Despite its otherwise strict stance on immigration, the PVV said the Netherlands should temporarily accommodate Ukrainian refugees whom the party regards as legitimate refugees fleeing war.[84] A research paper by the European Center for Populism Studies described the PVV's prior attitude towards Putin and Russia as mixed and more complex compared to other national-populist movements, with Wilders making somewhat supportive statements of Putin in the context of portraying him as an ally against Islamic terrorism and immigration, the PVV advocating a neutral policy on the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and opposing Ukrainian membership of the EU. However, the paper notes Wilders and the PVV hardened their attitude towards Russia after the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 with the PVV manifesto calling for the perpetrators to be brought to justice.[84]

During the 2023 Dutch general election, the PVV called for withdrawing Dutch military support for Ukraine.[85] However, during the coalition talks following the election, the PVV stated that it was willing to consider future military aid to Ukraine in exchange for concessions on other PVV priorities.[86] Ultimately, the newly formed coalition government issued a joint statement reaffirming political, military, financial and moral support for Ukraine.[87] Nevertheless, PVV Senators continued to vote against military aid to Ukraine prior to the signing of the coalition agreement,[88] and Wilders opposed a 10-year agreement on security cooperation with Ukraine.[89] In July 2024, the PVV's leader in the European Parliament, Sebastiaan Stöteler, proposed a resolution that stated there is "no military solution to the conflict and that peace is the only viable and sustainable solution", encouraging peace negotiations between Ukraine and Russia.[90] Even after joining the coalition government, Wilders maintained his criticism of the extent of Dutch support for Ukraine, noting issues with corruption in Ukraine and suggesting that Dutch aid to Ukraine should be reviewed if a Ukrainian role in the Nord Stream pipelines sabotage was confirmed.[91][92]

Israeli-Arab conflict

[edit]

The PVV supports the one-state solution and considers Jordan to be 'the only Palestinian state that will ever exist'.[93] In 2010, Geert Wilders voiced his support for Yisrael Beiteinu and held talks with its leader Avigdor Lieberman.[94] Geert Wilders is a frequent visitor to Israel and spent six months on a moshav in the West Bank at the age of 17.[95] The party supports recognising Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and proposed moving the Dutch embassy there.[96]

Organisation

[edit]

Name and symbols

[edit]

The name 'Party for Freedom' (Dutch: Partij voor de Vrijheid) is a reference to the Freedom Party (Partij van de Vrijheid), a Dutch political party founded in 1946, shortly after World War II. In 1948, the Freedom Party went on as the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie), which is the party Wilders split from.[97]

The party logo consists of the party name and a gull in red, white, and blue, which are the colors of the Dutch flag.[1][98] The gull symbolises freedom or liberty.[98][99] The gull had also been used as a symbol by the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands on propaganda posters and for their youth wing, but Wilders claimed it was not inspired by Nazi usage.[99][100]

Structure

[edit]

In order to register for elections in the Netherlands, a political party needs to be an association (Dutch: vereniging), which can be founded by two or more members.[101] The Vereniging Groep Wilders (Association Group Wilders) was founded by the natural person Geert Wilders and Stichting Groep Wilders (Foundation Group Wilders), of which Wilders is the only board member.[102][18] The association was later renamed to Partij voor de Vrijheid (Party for Freedom).[1] After the creation of the association, Wilders disabled new member registration, resulting in his remaining the sole member of the party.[1][102] The party is considered unique in Dutch politics in that it does not organise public party conferences and does not have local departments, a youth wing, or a research institute.[1][102] Instead, PVV supporters have the option of financially donating to the party or signing up as unaffiliated volunteers during elections. Candidates are mostly handpicked by Wilders who also writes the PVV's platform. Former PVV politician Hero Brinkman unsuccessfully tried to lobby for the party to adopt a conventional membership system and a youth wing. However, Wilders has defended the party's structure, stating that he does not want extremists to take over the PVV, while others have cited the example of the defunct Pim Fortuyn List party which shared many similar policies to the PVV but succumbed to factional infighting following the murder of its founder.[103][104] Commentators have also cited Wilders as one of the first party leaders to use web and social media messages to reach voters instead of traditional public campaigning such as public rallies or meet and greets.[105]

Support

[edit]

Due to the PVV's structure, foreign political journalists have noted that members of the public do not often out themselves as PVV supporters and that it is sometimes difficult to determine who votes for the party despite its generally substantial results in elections. Some media outlets have noted that in line with other European populist parties, its voters tend to either be on the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum or those concerned about immigration and crime.[106] A 2017 study by Dutch polling company Etnobarometer found that the PVV also receives support from some ethnic minority communities and that it was the second most voted for party among Surinamese-Dutch voters after the Labour Party, with the PVV doing particularly well among voters of Indo-Surinamese and Indian heritage.[107] An estimated 5 percent of Dutch Muslims voted for the party in 2023.[108]

Financing

[edit]

In the Netherlands, a political party needs to have 1,000 members or more to be eligible for government funding, a requirement which the Party for Freedom does not meet with Wilders being the only member.[1][109]

On several instances, the PVV applied for (and received) European Union funding.[110]

Financially, the party has been largely relying on donations. The party has not disclosed any of its finances until 2013. According to Hero Brinkman, a former MP for the party, the PVV received most of its finances from certain foreign (American) lobby-groups.[111] According to Reuters, Daniel Pipes' Middle East Forum paid for the trials and security of Geert Wilders and David Horowitz paid Wilders "a good fee" for two speeches given in the US.[112][113]

Since 2013, Dutch political parties are required by law to disclose all donations of 4,500 euro or more.[109][114] The Party for Freedom disclosed no donations for 2013.[115] For 2014 to 2016, the party disclosed a total of 148,391.07 euro in donations from the California-based David Horowitz Freedom Center, a total of 18,700 euro in donations from a private donor in the Netherlands, and a donation of 6,853.70 euro from the New York-based company FOL Inc.[114][116][117][118] The 2015 donations of just over 108,244 euro from the Freedom Center was "the largest individual contribution to a Dutch political party that year."[119]

Representation

[edit]

Cabinet

[edit]

In the Schoof cabinet, the PVV is represented by five ministers and four state secretaries.

Ministers
[edit]
State Secretaries
[edit]

Members of the States General

[edit]
Members of the House of Representatives
[edit]
Main article: List of members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present
Members of the Senate
[edit]
Main article: List of members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2023–2027

EU Representation

[edit]
Main article: List of Party for Freedom Members of the European Parliament

The PVV won six European Parliament seats in the 2024 election.

Election results

[edit]

House of Representatives

[edit]
Municipalities (dark blue) won by the party as of 2021 general election.
Municipalities (dark blue) won by the party as of 2023 general election.
Election Lead candidate List Votes % Seats +/– Government
2006 Geert Wilders List 579,490 5.89
9 / 150
 New Opposition
2010 List 1,454,493 15.45
24 / 150
 Increase 15 Confidence and supply
VVD-CDA minority coalition
2012 List 950,263 10.08
15 / 150
 Decrease 9 Opposition
2017 List 1,372,941 13.06
20 / 150
 Increase 5 Opposition
2021 List 1,125,022 10.81
17 / 150
 Decrease 3 Opposition
2023 List 2,450,878 23.49
37 / 150
 Increase 20 Coalition

Senate

[edit]
Election Votes % Seats +/– Ref
2011 72 12.74
10 / 75
 New [120]
2015 66 11.58
9 / 75
 Decrease 1 [120]
2019 38 6.46
5 / 75
 Decrease 4 [120]
2023 34 5.52
4 / 75
 Decrease 1

European Parliament

[edit]
Election List Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
2009 Pre-Lisbon Treaty List 772,746 16.97
4 / 25
 New NI
Post-Lisbon Treaty
5 / 26
 Increase 1
2014 List 633,114 13.32
4 / 26
 Decrease 1 ENF
2019 Pre-Brexit List 194,178 3.53
0 / 26
 Decrease 4 ID
Post-Brexit
1 / 29
 Increase 1
2024 List 1,057,662 16.97
6 / 31
 Increase 5 PfE

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The party was formerly part of Europe of Nations and Freedom (2015–2019) and Identity and Democracy (2020–2022).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018.
  2. ^ Pauwels, Teun (2014). Populism in Western Europe: Comparing Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands. Routledge. pp. 117–118. ISBN 9781317653912. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  3. ^ Merijn Oudenampsen (2013). "Explaining the Swing to the Right: The Dutch Debate on the Rise of Right-Wing Populism". In Ruth Wodak, Majid KhosraviNik, Brigitte Mral. Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. p. 191.
  4. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2021). "Netherlands". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  5. ^ Bolopion, Philippe (8 March 2017). "Geert Wilders' far-right party suffers donation downturn". Politico.eu. Archived from the original on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  6. ^ "Dutch elections loom as budget talks collapse". Euronews. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  7. ^ a b "Dutch party wants to outlaw mosques, Islamic schools, Koran". Politico. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  8. ^ a b "Dutch Far-right Leader Seeks Ban on Quran, Mosques". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  9. ^ Magone, José M. (2011). Comparative European Politics: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 9780203846391.
  10. ^ Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan (2008), Twenty-first century populism: The spectre of Western European democracy, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 164
  11. ^ Haan, Marko de (5 April 2024). "Wilders wil tóch maar geen Nexit. Het past in een bredere trend waarin radicaalrechtse partijen de EU juist gebruiken". NRC (in Dutch).
  12. ^ "Wilders stapt uit VVD-fractie". Trouw (in Dutch). 3 September 2004. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  13. ^ "Dutch say 'No' to EU constitution". BBC News. 2 June 2005. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  14. ^ "Partij Wilders doet niet mee aan Statenverkiezingen". ANP (in Dutch). Volkskrant. 10 January 2007. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  15. ^ "Rapper wil 25.000 euro van Wilders". Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau (in Dutch). de Volkskrant. 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
  16. ^ "Hold your breath: 'Fitna' spreading seeds of hatred". Today's Zaman. 29 March 2008. Archived from the original on 2 April 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  17. ^ Park, Michael (21 January 2008). "Iran Warns Netherlands Not to Air Controversial 'Anti-Muslim' Film". Fox News. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
  18. ^ a b c d Lucardie, Paul (16 March 2023). "Partijgeschiedenis". Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen (in Dutch).
  19. ^ "Kiesraad – Verkiezingsuitslagen". www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  20. ^ "Hero Brinkman quits the PVV, opposition call for new elections". DutchNews.nl. 20 March 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  21. ^ "Drie Statenleden PVV Noord-Holland mee met Brinkman". wn.com (in Dutch). World News Network. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  22. ^ Chesal, Robert. "Wilders gives Dutch politics a roller-coaster ride". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  23. ^ "Kiesraad – Verkiezingsuitslagen". www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  24. ^ "PVV zet Kamerlid Louis Bontes uit fractie". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  25. ^ "Dit zijn de Nederlandse leden van het Europees parlement". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  26. ^ "Auke Zijlstra (PVV) bevestigt toetreding tot Europees Parlement Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine" (in Dutch), Parlement & Politiek, 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  27. ^ "France's Le Pen announces far-right bloc of anti-EU MEPs Archived 18 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine", BBC News, 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  28. ^ a b Eric Maurice, "Le Pen becomes group leader in EU parliament Archived 6 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine", EUobserver, 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  29. ^ Tobias den Hartog (14 March 2017). "PVV zakt flink weg in peilingen, VVD profiteert". Algemeen Dagblad. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír; Vodová, Petra (2020). The Rise of Entrepreneurial Parties in European Politics. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-41916-5.
  • Vossen, Koen (2024). Rondom Wilders (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Boom. ISBN 9789461055224.
[edit]

Media related to Partij voor de Vrijheid at Wikimedia Commons

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