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Black-crowned night heron

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Black-crowned night heron
Nominate N. n. nycticorax in the Camargue, France
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Family: Ardeidae
Genus: Nycticorax
Species:
N. nycticorax
Binomial name
Nycticorax nycticorax
Range of N. nycticorax
  Breeding range
  Year-round range
  Wintering range
Synonyms

Ardea nycticorax Linnaeus, 1758

The black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) [or black-capped night heron[citation needed]], commonly shortened to just night heron in Eurasia, is a medium-sized heron found throughout a large part of the world, including parts of Europe, Asia, and North and South America. In Australasia it is replaced by the closely related Nankeen night heron (N. caledonicus), with which it has hybridised in the area of contact.

Taxonomy and name

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The black-crowned night heron was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with herons, cranes and egrets in the genus Ardea and coined the binomial name Ardea nycticorax, based on specimens from southern Europe.[2] It is now placed in the genus Nycticorax that was described in 1817 by the English naturalist Thomas Forster for this species.[3][4] The epithet nycticorax is from Ancient Greek and combines nux, nuktos meaning "night" and korax meaning "raven". The word was used by authors such as Aristotle and Hesychius of Miletus for a "bird of ill omen", perhaps an owl. The word was used by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in 1555 and then by subsequent authors for a black-crowned night heron.[5][6]

Four subspecies are accepted:[4]

  • N. n. nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) – Eurasia south to Africa and Madagascar and east to east Asia, Philippines and Indonesian Archipelago
  • N. n. hoactli (Gmelin, 1789) – southern Canada to northern Argentina and northern Chile; Hawaii
  • N. n. obscurus (Bonaparte, 1855) – central and southern Chile and southwest Argentina
  • N. n. falklandicus (Hartert, EJO, 1914) – Falkland Islands

In the Falkland Islands, the bird is called quark, which is an onomatopoeia similar to its name in many other languages, like qua-bird in English, kwak in Dutch and West Frisian, kvakoš noční in Czech, квак in Ukrainian, кваква in Russian, vạc in Vietnamese, kowak-malam in Indonesian, hoactli ("wactli") in Nahuatl (cf. the scientific name of the New World subspecies),[6] and waqwa in Quechua.

Description

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At nest.

Adults have a black crown and back with the remainder of the body white or grey, red eyes, and short yellow legs. They have pale grey wings and white under parts. One to eight (mostly two to four) long slender white plumes, erected in greeting and courtship displays, extend from the back of the head. The sexes are similar in appearance although the males are slightly larger. Black-crowned night herons do not fit the typical body form of the heron family. They are relatively stocky with shorter bills, legs, and necks than their more familiar cousins, the egrets and "day" herons. Their resting posture is normally somewhat hunched but when hunting they extend their necks and look more like other wading birds. For a short period during courtship at the start of the nesting season, the legs of adults turn bright salmon-pink, and the bare skin around the eyes blue.[7][8]

The subspecies differ little; nominate N. n. nycticorax and N. n. hoactli are particularly similar in plumage (some authors have considered N. n. hoactli a synonym of the nominate[8]), but the latter is on average slightly larger. N. n obscurus is the most distinctive subspecies, clearly darker than N. n. hoactli from further north in South America, but N. n. falklandicus is intermediate, with both paler and darker individuals occurring.[8]

Immature birds have dull grey-brown plumage on their heads, wings, and backs, with numerous pale "teardrop" spots. Their underparts are paler and streaked with brown. Second and third year birds attain plumages increasingly similar to adults, but lacking the white head plumes.[7] The young birds have orange eyes and duller yellowish-green legs. They are very noisy birds in their nesting colonies, with calls that are commonly transcribed as quok or woc.

Measurements:

  • Length. N. n. nycticorax: 58–65 cm (23–26 in);[7] N. n. hoactli: 58–66 cm (22.8–26 in)[9]
  • Weight. N. n. nycticorax: male 600–800 g (21–28 oz), female 520–700 g (18–25 oz);[7] N. n. hoactli: 726–1,015 g (25.6–35.8 oz)[9]
  • Wingspan. N. n. nycticorax: 105–112 cm (41–44 in);[7] N. n. hoactli: 115–118 cm (45.3–46.5 in)[9]

Distribution

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The breeding habitat is fresh and salt-water wetlands throughout much of the world. The nominate subspecies N. n. nycticorax breeds in Europe, Asia and Africa, subspecies N. n. hoactli in North and South America from Canada as far south as northern Argentina and Chile, N. n. obscurus in southernmost South America, and N. n. falklandicus in the Falkland Islands. Black-crowned night herons nest in colonies on platforms of sticks in a group of trees, or on the ground in protected locations such as islands or reedbeds. Three to eight eggs are laid.

This heron is migratory in the northern parts of its range, but is otherwise resident (even in the cold Patagonia). European birds winter in Africa (with a few staying in southern Spain), central and east Asian birds winter in southern Asia, and North American birds winters in Mexico, the southern United States, Central America, and the West Indies.

A colony of the herons has regularly summered at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. for more than a century.[10] The birds also prominently live year-round in the shores around the San Francisco Bay, with the largest rookery in Oakland.[11] Their ever presence at Oakland's Lake Merritt and throughout the city's downtown area, as well as their resilience to the urban environment and displacement efforts, have led to them being named Oakland's official city bird.[11]

Status in Great Britain

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There are two archaeological specimens of the black-crowned night heron in Great Britain. The oldest is from the Roman London Wall and the more recent from the Royal Navy's late medieval victualling yards in Greenwich.[12] It appears in the London poulterers' price lists as the Brewe, a bird which was thought to have been the Eurasian whimbrel or glossy ibis, which has now been shown to refer to the black-crowned night heron, derived from the medieval French Bihoreau.[13] Black-crowned night heron may have bred in the far wetter and wider landscape of pre-modern Britain. They were certainly imported for the table so the bone specimens themselves do not prove they were part of the British avifauna. In modern times the black-crowned night heron is a vagrant (excluding the feral breeding colonies that were established at Edinburgh Zoo from 1950 into the start of the 21st century[14] and at Great Witchingham in Norfolk, where there were 8 pairs in 2003 but breeding was not repeated subsequently[15]). A pair of adults were seen with two recently fledged juveniles in Somerset in 2017, which is the first proven breeding record of wild black-crowned night herons in Great Britain.[16]

Behaviour

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Juvenile in an "upright" threat display

These birds stand still at the water's edge and wait to ambush prey, mainly at night, early morning or evening. They primarily eat small fish, leeches, earthworms, mussels, squid,[17] crustaceans (such as crayfish),[17] frogs, other amphibians,[17] aquatic insects, terrestrial insects, lizards, snakes,[17] small mammals (such as rodents),[17] small birds, eggs, carrion, plant material, and garbage and refuse at landfills.[17] They are among the seven heron species observed to engage in bait fishing; luring or distracting fish by tossing edible or inedible buoyant objects into water within their striking range – a rare example of tool use among birds.[18][19] During the day they rest in dense trees or bushes. N. n. hoactli is more gregarious outside the breeding season than the nominate race.[citation needed]

Parasites

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A thorough study performed by J. Sitko and P. Heneberg in the Czech Republic in 1962–2013 suggested that the central European black-crowned night herons host 8 helminth species. The dominant species consisted of Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (62% prevalence), Contracaecum microcephalum (55% prevalence) and Opistorchis longissimus (10% prevalence). The mean number of helminth species recorded per host individual reached 1.41. In Ukraine, other helminth species are often found in black-crowned night herons too, including Echinochasmus beleocephalus, Echinochasmus ruficapensis, Clinostomum complanatum and Posthodiplostomum cuticola.[20]

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2019) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Nycticorax nycticorax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22697211A155515762. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697211A155515762.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. pp. 142–143.
  3. ^ Forster, T. (1817). A Synoptical Catalogue of British Birds; intended to identify the species mentioned by different names in several catalogues already extant. Forming a book of reference to Observations on British ornithology. London: Nichols, son, and Bentley. p. 59.
  4. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2023). "Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  5. ^ Gesner, Conrad (1555). Historiae animalium liber III qui est de auium natura. Adiecti sunt ab initio indices alphabetici decem super nominibus auium in totidem linguis diuersis: & ante illos enumeratio auium eo ordiné quo in hoc volumine continentur (in Latin). Zurich: Froschauer. pp. 602–603.
  6. ^ a b Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ^ a b c d e Cramp, S. (1977): The Birds of the Western Palearctic, p. 262–269. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-857358-8
  8. ^ a b c del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1992). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. p. 419. ISBN 84-87334-10-5.
  9. ^ a b c "Black-crowned Night Heron Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  10. ^ Akpan, Nsikan (12 May 2015). "Smithsonian's mystery of the black-crowned night herons solved by satellites". PBS NewsHour. PBS. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  11. ^ a b "Oakland Has Its First Official Bird Thanks to These Dedicated Kids". Audubon. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  12. ^ D.W. Yalden; U. Albarella (2009). The History of British Birds. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-019-958116-0.
  13. ^ W.R.P. Bourne (2003). "Fred Stubbs, Egrets, Brewes and climatic change". British Birds. 96: 332–339.
  14. ^ R.W. Forrester; I.J. Andrews, eds. (2007). The Birds of Scotland Volume 1. Scottish Ornithologists' Club. ISBN 978-0-9512139-0-2.
  15. ^ Holling M. and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2007) Non-native breeding birds in the United Kingdom 2003, 2004 and 2005 British Birds 100 638–649
  16. ^ "Night Herons breed in Somerset - a UK first". Rare Bird Alert. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  17. ^ a b c d e f "Nycticorax nycticorax black-crowned night heron". Animal Diversity Web.
  18. ^ Riehl, Christina (2001). "Black-Crowned Night Heron Fishes with Bait". Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology. 24 (2): 285–286. doi:10.2307/1522044. JSTOR 1522044.
  19. ^ Ruxton, Graeme D.; Hansell, Michael H. (1 January 2011). "Fishing with a Bait or Lure: A Brief Review of the Cognitive Issues". Ethology. 117 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2011Ethol.117....1R. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01848.x. ISSN 1439-0310.
  20. ^ Sitko, J.; Heneberg, P. (2015). "Composition, structure and pattern of helminth assemblages associated with central European herons (Ardeidae)". Parasitology International. 64 (1): 100–112. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2014.10.009. PMID 25449288.
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