Jump to content

Changi Airport MRT station

Coordinates: 1°21′27″N 103°59′18″E / 1.35750°N 103.98833°E / 1.35750; 103.98833
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Changi Airport Station)

Changi Airport
 CG2 


樟宜机场
சாங்கி விமானநிலையம்
Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) terminus
A large island platform which includes flight information displays. An illuminated linkbridge spans over the platform.
Changi Airport station with the illuminated bridge spanning over the platform
General information
Location70 Airport Boulevard
Singapore 819661[1]
Coordinates1°21′27″N 103°59′18″E / 1.35750°N 103.98833°E / 1.35750; 103.98833
Operated bySMRT Trains
Line(s)
  East–West Line
Platforms2 (1 island platform)
Tracks2
ConnectionsChangi Airport Bus Terminal, taxi
Construction
Structure typeUnderground
Platform levels1
ParkingYes (Changi Airport, Jewel Changi Airport)
Bicycle facilitiesYes (Changi Airport)
AccessibleYes
ArchitectSkidmore, Owings and Merrill
History
Opened8 February 2002; 22 years ago (2002-02-08) (as Changi Branch line)
Opening2040; 16 years' time (2040) (Thomson–East Coast Line)
ElectrifiedYes
Passengers
April 202419,000 per day[2]
Services
Preceding station Mass Rapid Transit Following station
Expo
towards Tanah Merah
 East–West Line
Changi Airport Line
 Terminus
Location
A map of the Singapore rail system, with a color for each line and a red dot highlighting the location of Changi Airport station in eastern Singapore.
A map of the Singapore rail system, with a color for each line and a red dot highlighting the location of Changi Airport station in eastern Singapore.
Changi Airport
Changi Airport station in Singapore

Changi Airport MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station in Changi, Singapore. The station is the terminus of the Changi Airport branch of the East–West Line (EWL); it is operated by SMRT Trains and is built in an east–west orientation. The station directly connects to Terminals 2 and 3 of Changi Airport and serves other airport amenities including the retail complex of Jewel.

A rail connection to the airport had been planned in the 1980s but these plans were shelved due to the low financial viability of such a branch. With increased air traffic to Changi Airport and the proposed construction of Terminal 3 in 1994, the plans were revived. The current two-station branch line was finalised in 1996 and construction began in 1998. Changi Airport station opened on 8 February 2002 with lower passenger demand than expected, but it continues to provide an alternative transport option to the airport. In May 2019, it was announced Changi Airport station would be incorporated into the Thomson–East Coast Line by 2040 as it extends to the airport's Terminal 5.

Designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Changi Airport station includes elements that cater to airport travellers such as wider faregates at the platforms. The glass atrium walls at the ends of the station support an illuminated bridge that spans the island platform while allowing maximum sunlight into the station.

History

[edit]

Early plans

[edit]

A direct MRT link to Changi Airport was first announced in March 1976 during the planning of the MRT network.[3] In May 1982, the plans showed an MRT branch to Changi Airport.[4] The branch was to be built after the completion of the initial MRT network. In a 1983 feasibility study, the Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) concluded the level of passenger traffic was insufficient to justify such a branch.[5] Plans for the connection were reviewed again in 1984 because the MRT system was built below budget.[6] In 1985, a survey on transport patterns to the airport was conducted by an MRTC consultant team to assess the viability of an airport MRT connection.[7] However, the consultants concluded in January 1986 that the connection was financially unfeasible in the immediate period because travellers preferred to commute to the airport by taxi.[8] In the following year, Communications Minister Yeo Ning Hong announced that the planned spur would be unfeasible despite the completion of Terminal 2.[9]

In March 1989, the Member of Parliament for Changi, Teo Chong Tee, called for the airport extension, saying it would serve the increased passenger demand for the airport. In response, Minister Yeo said an extension would be considered if there were development plans in the Changi area. Otherwise, the low demand might not meet operating costs.[10] In 1991, he stated a connection would only be justified when annual passenger numbers using Changi Airport reached 50 million, and projections said the airport would handle only about 34 million passengers per year at the beginning of the 21st century. The minister also claimed the airport was already well-served by expressways with affordable taxi rates.[11] In 1992, Communications Minister Mah Bow Tan said the government had already reserved the land needed for the possible route.[12]

Finalisation of rail connection

[edit]

In August 1994, the proposal for a rail link was reconsidered after airport use grew by 10% annually, surpassing the previous projections of 6–7%. With plans for a new terminal to manage passenger growth, the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) urged the MRTC to reevaluate the proposal as they were concerned the roads serving the new terminal might be insufficient. The CAAS also suggested that the new link be built in tandem with the new terminal. The MRTC opened consultation studies on the airport link, which would branch off from the East–West Line (EWL) at Tanah Merah station but without intermediate stops.[13][14]

After another feasibility study by the Land Transport Authority (LTA), Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced on 15 November 1996 that the 6.4-kilometre (4.0 mi) branch would be built.[15] The branch, which was projected to be completed in 2001, would run from Tanah Merah station and have an intermediate stop at Somapah (now Expo) to serve the Changi Business Park and the exhibition centre.[16][17][18] There were no plans to extend the branch towards the cargo-and-engineering complexes due to low demand in the area.[19] Teo, who had been advocating for the branch since 1987, was "overjoyed" and considered the announcement an "excellent piece of news".[20]

Construction and opening

[edit]
The concourse area at the platform level. A set of faregates separate the paid and unpaid areas.
Changi Airport is one of the few stations where the concourse and faregates are on the same level as the platforms.

In October 1998, the contract for the construction of Changi Airport station was awarded to a joint venture between Kumagai Gumi and Sembawang Engineering and Construction for S$204.5 million (US$122.2 million). The contract included the construction of the station and associated tunnels, a new baggage tunnel between Terminals 2 and 3, and a new vehicular underpass to serve Terminal 3.[21][22] CPG Consultants, which was designing Terminal 3, provided 20 staff to assist the LTA team on the line extension.[23]

A groundbreaking ceremony was held on 29 January 1999. Speaking at the ceremony, Communications Minister Mah Bow Tan said the station's construction would require close collaboration between stakeholders such as the LTA, CAAS and the contractors.[24] As the station was built in a sensitive area, top-down construction works had to be carefully planned to limit disruption to airport operations.[25] Close monitoring was required to construct the 1 km-long (0.62 mi) tunnels leading to the station, which pass directly beneath the runway and airport terminal.[24]

The roads connecting to the arrival and departure halls of Terminals 1 and 2 were rerouted west of the station site during the construction.[26] The east side of the station was constructed first due to more complex deep excavation works near developments such as Terminal 2.[26][27] Extensive foundation reconstruction was required for the overrun tunnels as they passed through an irregular pile layout beyond the east side of the station. The LTA dismissed the idea of mining the tunnels as the works were in shallow ground. Instead, open-cut excavation within diaphragm walls and ground treatment methods were adopted.[26]

As part of the President's Challenge 2001, part of the charity walk went through the tunnel between Expo and Changi Airport stations.[28][29] Changi Airport MRT station opened on 8 February 2002,[30][31] and the official opening ceremony for the line extension was held at the station on 27 February 2002.[32] When the station opened, passenger traffic has been moderate because bus transportation continued to be a popular means of cheap, direct transport for local airport and airline employees, and for travellers not living along the EWL. Many air travellers preferred to continue taking taxis or private transport because not all of the trains on the MRT had luggage racks.[33] Taxi drivers said the station put them at a disadvantage, reporting a loss of 20% in earnings within the first month of station operations. At that time, the station had a daily ridership of 20,500 commuters.[34] Despite developments built around the branch line to boost further ridership, it was not deemed cost-effective to run through services to the MRT, and hence, since 2003, the branch was instead served by a shuttle service running from Tanah Merah to Changi Airport.[35][36]

Incorporation into the TEL

[edit]

The possibility of extending the Eastern Region Line to Changi Airport via the airport's Terminal 4 was first announced by LTA in May 2013 when Terminal 4 was under construction. The extension would have provided a more direct connection from the airport to the city.[37] The Eastern Region Line was later merged into the Thomson–East Coast Line (TEL) in August 2014,[38] and Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan said in July 2016 the TEL extension to the airport might be completed at the same time as Terminal 5.[39] On 25 May 2019, the LTA confirmed that the Changi Airport branch line will become part of the TEL when it is extended to Changi Airport from Sungei Bedok station via Terminal 5. This extension is expected to be completed in 2040.[40][41]

The contract for the construction of twin-bored tunnels from Changi Airport station to Changi Airport Terminal 5 was awarded to Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co (Singapore) Pte Ltd for S$321.7 million (US$240.07 million).[42][43] Construction required tunnelling under a closed runway east of Terminal 2, which was completed in November 2022.[44] On 29 April 2024, the LTA called a tender to modify the existing station, along with Tanah Merah and Expo stations, in preparation to integrate them into the TEL.[45]

Details

[edit]

Services

[edit]

Changi Airport station is served by the Changi Airport Branch of the EWL, which connects to the airport from Tanah Merah station as a shuttle service. The official station code is CG2,[46] which changed from EW29.[47][48] The next station towards Tanah Merah is Expo station.[46] Being part of the EWL, the station is operated by SMRT Trains.[49] Changi Airport station is planned to be served by the TEL when the line extends to the airport in 2040.[50][51] Changi Airport station is located underneath Airport Boulevard and between Terminals 2 and 3 of the airport.[1] The station also serves various airport amenities including Airport Police Division, Jewel Changi Airport and Crowne Plaza Hotel.[52]

When the station first opened in 2002, it was served by a through service from Boon Lay station.[53][54] On 22 July 2003, this service changed to a shuttle service in which trains from Changi Airport station terminated at Tanah Merah station.[35] The first train departs from Changi Airport station at 5:31 am on weekdays and Saturdays, and at 5:59 am on Sundays. The day's last train departs from the airport at 12:06 am.[55] From Tanah Merah station, the day's first train towards Changi Airport station departs at 5:20 am on weekdays and Saturdays, and at 5:47 am on Sundays, and the day's last train towards the airport from Tanah Merah station departs at 11:50 pm.[56][57] Headways between trains vary from 7 to 13 minutes.[58][59]

Design

[edit]
Refer to caption
The panes of the glass atrium walls at Exit A of the station

Changi Airport station is 40 metres (130 ft) wide and 200 metres (660 ft) long, and was constructed at a depth of 18.5 metres (61 ft).[22] The station, aligned in an east-west direction, has crossover tracks at its west and overrun tunnels beyond the east side of the station.[60] American architectural firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill designed the station,[61] which include multiple design elements catering to airport travellers.[32] The station has wide faregates for commuters with luggage.[62] These faregates, which are located on the same level as the platforms,[63][64] also allow easier access for wheelchair users. Changi Airport station was one of the first MRT stations to be wheelchair-accessible when it was first built, with lifts and ramps for barrier-free access.[65] A tactile flooring system, consisting of tiles with raised, rounded-or-elongated studs, guides visually impaired commuters through the station.[66]

The station is columnless but supported by platform-edge pillars each spaced 11.4 metres (37 ft) apart and an external diaphragm and lining wall along each length of the station.[67] At the station's two entrances are glass atrium walls that support an illuminated, 150 m (490 ft) bridge spanning the island platform.[61][62][68] The glass bridge allows unpaid transfer between the two terminals.[69] At either end of the station is an atrium measuring approximately 60 m (200 ft) long by 36 m (118 ft) high. The glazing system and tensioned-cable network of the glass atria were structurally designed by engineering company Meinhardt Facades,[70] with engineering input from Ove Arup and Partners.[71]

The glass atria allow maximum sunlight into the station.[70] The roof is supported only at its northern and southern ends, and a massive spine beam spine runs between the north and south.[69] The spine is supported by a staggered structure made of reinforced concrete at one end and an A-frame column and stability truss at the other end.[70] The facade panels are hung from vertical trusses at the end of each cantilever, and are supported by other cables that run diagonally and horizontally.[69] The station design was awarded the 2004 American Architecture Award by Chicago Athenaeum.[72]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Changi Airport MRT Station (CG2)". OneMap. Singapore Land Authority. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  2. ^ "Land Transport DataMall". DataMall. Land Transport Authority. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  3. ^ "MRT may Go to Changi Airport". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 31 March 1976. p. 6. Retrieved 27 August 2024 – via NewspaperSG.
  4. ^ "Proposed MRT Stations". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 23 May 1982. p. 1. Retrieved 12 December 2020 – via NewspaperSG.
  5. ^ "No Line to the Airport". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 17 November 1983. p. 18. Retrieved 20 February 2022 – via NewspaperSG.
  6. ^ "New MRT Sector Under Study". Singapore Monitor. 25 September 1984. p. 1. Retrieved 20 February 2022 – via NewspaperSG.
  7. ^ "Airport Survey to Decide MRT Link". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 21 June 1985. p. 11. Retrieved 20 February 2022 – via NewspaperSG.
  8. ^ Rav, Dhaliwal (15 January 1986). "Changi MRT Line 'Not Viable'". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. p. 13. Retrieved 20 February 2022 – via NewspaperSG.
  9. ^ "No MRT to Changi Airport". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 14 March 1987. p. 14. Retrieved 27 August 2024 – via NewspaperSG.
  10. ^ "New MRT Routes Will Depend on Economic Viability". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 23 March 1989. p. 14. Retrieved 23 June 2024 – via NewspaperSG.
  11. ^ "MRT Link to Airport: Not in Next 10 Years". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 17 May 1991. p. 1. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  12. ^ "No MRT Line to Changi Yet". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 20 March 1992. p. 29. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2022 – via NewspaperSG.
  13. ^ Dhaliwal, Rav (2 August 1994). "MRT Extension to Airport Reconsidered". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. p. 1. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  14. ^ "Next Stop: Changi Airport?". The New Paper. Singapore Press Holdings. 2 August 1994. p. 4. Retrieved 12 December 2020 – via NewspaperSG.
  15. ^ "Speech by BG (NS) Lee Hsien Loong, Deputy Prime Minister, at the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Employees' Union (SMRTEU)'s Annual Dinner and Dance at Marina Mandarin Hotel on Friday, 15 November 1996 at 8.00 PM" (PDF). National Archives of Singapore. 15 November 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  16. ^ Tan, Hsueh Yan (16 November 1996). "MRT Line to Be Extended to Changi Airport". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. p. 1. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  17. ^ Tan, Christopher (12 December 1996). "Changi Airport MRT Line Details". Business Times. p. 1. Retrieved 26 October 2017 – via NewspaperSG.
  18. ^ "Changi Map". Land Transport Authority. Archived from the original on 6 July 1997. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  19. ^ "MRT Line Will Not Go Beyond Passenger Terminals". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 12 December 1996. p. 39. Retrieved 17 October 2019 – via NewspaperSG.
  20. ^ "Airport MRT Line: An MP's Persistence Pays Off". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 16 November 1996. p. 29. Retrieved 21 December 2023 – via NewspaperSG.
  21. ^ "Joint Venture of SembCorp Unit Wins MRT Contract". Business Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 3 November 1998. p. 16. Retrieved 21 December 2023 – via NewspaperSG.
  22. ^ a b Nishi, Shuichi; Nakashima, Yasuyoshi; Izumi, Chitoshi. "Underpinning Works in Construction of MRT Changi Airport Station in Singapore" (PDF). Japan Society of Civil Engineers. Kumagai–Sembcorp Joint Venture. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  23. ^ "CPG Consultants – Changi Airport Mass Rapid Transit Station (MRT)". CPG Consultants. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  24. ^ a b "Speech by Mr Mah Bow Tan, at the Changi Airport Line Ground Breaking Ceremony, 29 Jan 99, 10 AM, Singapore Changi Airport". National Archives of Singapore. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  25. ^ Zhao, Shirlaw & R. 2000, pp. 421–422.
  26. ^ a b c Zhao, Shirlaw & R. 2000, p. 422.
  27. ^ Murugamoorthy, C. (2003). Behaviour of Various Support Systems for Deep Excavations, Changi Airport Underground MRT Station (PDF). Land Transport Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  28. ^ Chew, Seng Kim (12 August 2001). "Charity Walk to Take Place Underground" (PDF). The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024 – via Nexis Uni.
  29. ^ Tan, Terence (9 September 2001). "Tunnel Walk a Hit". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. p. 3.
  30. ^ "Completion of the Changi Airport MRT Extension". Ministry of Transport. 6 February 2002. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  31. ^ Kaur, Karamjit (9 February 2002). "Next Stop: Changi Airport" (PDF). The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024 – via Nexis Uni.
  32. ^ a b "Speech by Mr Yeo Cheow Tong at the Opening of the Changi Airport MRT Extension on 27 February 2002". Ministry of Transport. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  33. ^ Goh, Chin Lian (26 August 2002). "Taxi Still the Way to Go for Changi Air Travellers" (PDF). The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024 – via Nexis Uni.
  34. ^ Phei Phei, Leong (11 March 2002). "Airport Woes for Cabbies". Today. Mediacorp. p. 4. Retrieved 30 October 2020 – via NewspaperSG.
  35. ^ a b "Board MRT to Airport from Tanah Merah" (PDF). The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 18 July 2003. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2024 – via Nexis Uni.
  36. ^ Cheong, Kay Teck (2019). Integrating the Planning of Airports and the City (PDF). Singapore: Centre for Liveable Cities. p. 41. ISBN 978-981-14-1385-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  37. ^ Sim, Royston (30 May 2013). "Direct MRT Link to Changi Airport Planned". The Straits Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  38. ^ "Joint News Release by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) & Singapore Land Authority (SLA) – Thomson–East Coast Line: New MRT Links in the East". Land Transport Authority. 15 August 2014. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014.
  39. ^ Lim, Adrian (22 July 2016). "Thomson-East Coast MRT Line May Be Extended to Airport". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  40. ^ "New MRT Stations, Line Extensions and a Possible New Rail Line: LTA's 2040 Blueprint". Today. Mediacorp. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  41. ^ Chong, Aaron (25 May 2019). "New Stations, Line Extensions Planned for Singapore's Rail Network". CNA. Mediacorp. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  42. ^ "Contract T316". STECS. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  43. ^ "Contract T316 – Schedule of Tenders Received" (PDF). Land Transport Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  44. ^ Ng, Wei Jie. "From Runways to Tunnels: Navigating the Challenges of Tunnelling Underneath Singapore's Changi Airport" (PDF). Tunelling and Underground Construction Society (Singapore). pp. 3–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  45. ^ Yufeng, Kok (1 May 2024). "Preparatory work to connect Thomson-East Coast Line with Changi Airport to begin in 2025". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  46. ^ a b "MRT System Map" (PDF). Land Transport Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  47. ^ Salim, Shazalina (3 August 2001). "Red, Green and Grey". Today. Mediacorp. p. 9. Retrieved 21 August 2020 – via NewspaperSG.
  48. ^ "MRT & LRT System Map" (PDF). Land Transport Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  49. ^ "Getting Around – Public Transport – Rail Network". Land Transport Authority. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  50. ^ "New MRT Stations, Line Extensions and a Possible New Rail Line: LTA's 2040 Blueprint". Today. Mediacorp. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  51. ^ "Land Transport Master Plan 2040: Bringing Singapore Together". Land Transport Authority. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  52. ^ "Changi Airport – Exits". SMRT Journeys. SMRT Corporation. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  53. ^ "Boon Lay to Expo: MRT Now Running" (PDF). The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 20 December 2001. p. H4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024 – via Nexis Uni.
  54. ^ "Gradual Introduction of Boon Lay–Expo Stations Through Service". SMRT Corporation. 12 November 2001. Archived from the original on 20 August 2002. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  55. ^ "Changi Airport – First and Last Trains". SMRT Journeys. SMRT Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  56. ^ "Tanah Merah – First and Last Trains". SMRT Journeys. SMRT Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  57. ^ "Getting to the Airport". Singapore Changi Airport. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  58. ^ Lee, Jian Xuan (25 August 2014). "New Platform at Tanah Merah MRT Station for Trains to Expo, Changi Airport in 2024". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  59. ^ "New Platform at Tanah Merah MRT Station for Faster Travel to Expo and Changi Airport". Land Transport Authority. 25 August 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  60. ^ Zhao, Shirlaw & R. 2000, p. 421.
  61. ^ a b "Changi International Airport – Rail Terminal". Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. 14 December 2021. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  62. ^ a b "Changi Airport MRT Station Designed for Travellers". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 11 February 1988. p. 1. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  63. ^ Kaur, Karamjit (6 February 2002). "Airport MRT Stop Next in Line" (PDF). The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024 – via Nexis Uni.
  64. ^ "Station Stories: Changi Airport MRT Station". The SMRT Blog. SMRT Corporation. 28 April 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  65. ^ "More MRT Stops Ready for Disabled". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 24 December 2002. p. 1. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  66. ^ "Tactile Guiding System: Studs and Strips to Guide Your Way". Land Transport Authority. 30 July 2021. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  67. ^ Zhao, Shirlaw & R. 2000, p. 423.
  68. ^ Goh, Sushma (2018). RE:think – Designing For Wayfinding (PDF). Land Transport Authority. p. 24. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  69. ^ a b c Bussel, Abby (2000). SOM Evolutions: Recent Work of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Boston: Birkhäuser. p. 152. ISBN 0-8176-6072-0. OCLC 43227468.
  70. ^ a b c "Changi Airport Glass Atria". Meinhardt. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  71. ^ "Singapore Changi Airport MRT Station Design & Construction of Glass Atria" (PDF). Land Transport Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  72. ^ "The American Architectural Awards (2004 Archive)" (PDF). The Chicago Athenaeum. p. 5. Retrieved 21 February 2022.

Sources

[edit]
  • Zhao, J.; Shirlaw, J.N.; R., Krishnan (2000). Tunnels and Underground Structures: Proceedings Of the International Conference on Tunnels and Underground Structures Singapore. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. ISBN 90-5809-171-6.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changi_Airport_MRT_station&oldid=1262016358"