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Fufu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the food. For other uses, see Fufu (disambiguation) and Foo-foo (disambiguation).
"Akpu" redirects here. For the town, see Akpujiogu.
Fufu
Alternative namesFufuo; foufou; foofoo; foutou; sakora; sakoro; couscous de Cameroun
Typesticky dough
Place of originWest Africa
Main ingredientsUsually cassava
Food energy
(per 240 g serving)
398 kcal (1666 kJ)
Nutritional value
(per 240 g serving)
Protein3.6 g
Fat7.2 g
Carbohydrate81 g
Similar dishesChikwangue; nsima; pap; sadza; ugali

Fufu (or fufuo, foofoo, foufou /ˈfuˌfu/ foo-foo listenⓘ) is a pounded meal found in West African cuisine.[1][2] It is a Twi word that originates from the Akans in Ghana. The word has been expanded to include several variations of the pounded meal found in other African countries including Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Cote D'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Benin, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, Angola and Gabon. It also includes variations in the Greater Antilles and Central America, where African culinary influence is high.[3]

Although the original ingredients for fufu are boiled cassava, plantains, and cocoyam, yams (Ghana), it is also made in different ways in other West African countries. In Ghana, Ivory Coast and Liberia, they use the method of separately mixing and pounding equal portions of boiled cassava with green plantain or cocoyam, or by mixing cassava/plantains or cocoyam flour with water and stirring it on a stove. Its thickness is then adjusted to personal preference, and it is eaten with broth-like soups. In Nigeria, fufu (akpu) is made solely from fermented cassava giving it its unique thickness compared to that found in other west African countries. It is eaten with a variety of soups with vegetables and lots of beef and fish.[4] In recent years other flours, such as semolina, maize flour, or mashed plantains, may take the place of cassava flour. This is common for those in the diaspora or families that live in urban cities. Families in rural areas with access to farmland still maintain the original recipe of using cassava. Fufu is traditionally eaten with the fingers, and a small ball of it can be dipped into an accompanying soup or sauce.[5]

Names

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In Africa

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Before the Portuguese traders introduced cassava to Africa from Brazil in the 16th century, fufu was mainly made from cocoyam, plantain and yams.[6] The traditional method of eating fufu is to pinch some of the fufu off in one's right hand fingers and form it into an easily ingested round ball. The ball is then dipped in the soup before being eaten.

In Cote d'Ivoire

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In Côte d'Ivoire, the word foutou is also used. Ivorian foufou is specifically mashed sweet plantains, whereas foutou is a stronger, heavier paste made of various staple foods such as yam, cassava, plantains, taro or a mix of any of those.

In the French-speaking regions of Cameroon, it is called "couscous" (not to be confused with the North African dish couscous).[7]

Although people from Eastern Africa and Southern Africa seem to confuse fufu (or fufuo) with their type of corn or maize dough dish called ugali or nshima, it is not the same. Rather, ugali or nshima can be found in Ghana, where it is called akple, nsihoo (white etsew without the corn bran), or tuo zaafi, which are made from unfermented corn flour, unlike the other fermented corn dough foods such as etsew, dokuno (kenkey), banku, fonfom, among others in Ghanaian cuisine.

In Ghana

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Pounding of fufu in Ghana

It is believed to originate in what is now modern-day Ghana,[8] by the Asante, the Akuapem, the Akyem, the Bono, and the Fante people of the Akan ethnic group of Ghana and now generally accepted across the country.[citation needed][9] According to historian Miller, "the word Fufu literally means white in Twi."[10] and is likely derived from the whitish colour of the cassava component in Ghanaian fufu. In Ghana, it is made out of pieces of boiled cassava and/or other tubers such as plantain or cocoyam. It is mostly pounded together in a locally made wooden mortar (woduro) using a wooden pestle[11] (woma). In between blows from the pestle, the mixture is turned by hand, and water is gradually added until it becomes a soft, sticky dough. The mixture is then formed into a rounded slab and served. With the invention of the fufu machine, preparation has become much less labour-intensive. The resulting food is eaten with liquid soups (nkwan) such as light soup (nkrakra nkwan), abenkwan (palm nut soup), nkatenkwan (peanut butter soup), and abunubunu soup. Today, it also features in Beninese cuisine, Cameroonian cuisine, Guinean cuisine, Congolese cuisine, Nigerian cuisine,[12] and Togolese cuisine, where it is eaten with hot pepper soup, okra, or other kinds of stew. Fufu's prevalence in West African subregions has been noted in literature produced by authors from that area. It is mentioned in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart, for example,[13] Fufu was a major cuisine of the Ashanti Empire.[14] In Ghana, fufu, also known as fufuo, is white and sticky (if plantain is not mixed with the cassava when pounding).

In Nigeria

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In Nigeria, fufu or akpu is a popular food made from fresh or fermented cassava. The Nigerian version of Fufu is different from Ghana's: it is however a staple food in both countries.[15][16][17] The preparation of Yoruba fufu differs slightly from other ethnic groups. It is made from fermented cassava of which the soft pieces are sieved. The starchy remains are boiled and stirred with a wooden rod until it turns into dough.[18] Akpu, properly punctuated as akpụ in Igbo, is the Igbo word for cassava. Requiring several days to make, akpu is a wet paste often eaten with egusi soup. Akpu is traditionally made by peeling and washing raw cassava until it is white. The cassava is soaked in water for 3–4 days to ferment and become soft.[19][20] It is then filtered with a porous calabash or sieve. Excess water is quickly drained by pouring the wet paste into a sack, upon which is placed a heavy and flat item (e.g., a plank and brick). The paste is then pounded and molded into large balls and simmered for 30–60 seconds, after which it is thoroughly pounded to remove lumps, molded again into smaller balls, boiled for 15–20 minutes, and then pounded until smooth.[21] It is popular throughout Nigeria, particularly in the SouthEast and South-South.[22]

In the Caribbean

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In Caribbean nations with substantial populations of West African origin (such as Cuba, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Puerto Rico), plantains, cassava or yams are mashed with other ingredients.[citation needed]

In Cuba, the dish retains its original African stem name, termed simply as fufú or with added descriptive extensions like fufú de plátano or fufú de plátano pintón.[23] In the Dominican Republic, a beloved dish, mangú, is very similar to fufú. On other major islands, fufú goes by the names of funche in Puerto Rico. What distinguishes the Caribbean "fufú" from its West African relative is a firmer texture with stronger flavors. As it moves away from Cuba, the fufú's core is less a gelatinous dough and more of a consistent mass.[24]

In Haiti, it is called tonm tonm and foofoo. It is mostly made of breadfruit but can be made of plantain or yams and is usually served with an okra based stew or soup. It is primarily consumed in the southernmost regions of Haiti namely the Grand'Anse and Sud departments. The city of Jérémie is regarded as the tonmtonm capital of Haiti.

Puerto Rican mofongo, in keeping with the creolized cuisine traditions of the Caribbean, tends toward a fufú of much higher density and robust seasoning. While keeping a conspicuous African character, mofongo has borrowed from the island's Iberian culinary tradition, to create a dish made of fried green and yellow plantains, cassava or breadfruit. Unlike the mushier Caribbean and West African fufús, mofongo is generally firmer and crustier. To prepare mofongo, green plantains are deep-fried once unlike twice fried tostones. Next, they are mashed in a 'pilon' (mortar) with chopped garlic, salt, black pepper and olive oil. The resulting mash is then pressed and rounded into a hollowed crusty orb. Meat, traditionally chicharrón, is then stuffed into the chunky ball of fried green plantains. Some recipes call for a meat or vegetable salsa criolla" (related to American Creole sauce) poured atop the hot sphere. In the trendier "mofongo relleno", typical of western Puerto Rico, seafood is all over, inside and outside. Traditional mofongo, as previously cited, comes seasoned and stuffed with meat and bathed in a chicken broth soup.[25] Because of its elaborate process of preparation and its sundry ingredients, poet and blogger Arose N Daghetto called the mofongo a type of "fufú paella" and branded it as "the big daddy of fufús".[26] Although mofongo is associated with being fried, boiled and roasting plantain mofongo predate fried mofongo and is still excited but a rare find in Puerto Rico. A dish called funche made with taro, green and yellow plantains boiled and mashed with butter, garlic, and pork fat was once popular in Puerto Rico. Once mashed it was formed into balls and eaten with broth made from sesame seeds. Funche is written in early Puerto Rican cookbooks around the 1800s, but can probably be traced back to African slaves on the island. Funche today in Puerto Rico is cornmeal cooked in coconut milk and milk.

The vegetable or fufú sauce in the Anglo-Caribbean is not fried first. Plantain is not used as much, as it is used in so many dishes. Fufu is usually part of, or added to, a soupy sauce or on the side with a soupy dish. In Antigua, fufu is served as part of the national dish but is called fungi/fungee and is made using cornmeal and okra. Similarly, in Barbados it serves as part of the national dish and is called cou-cou and uses cornmeal or, less commonly, split peas, green bananas, or breadfruit instead, like several other English Caribbean islands.

Nutrition

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100 g dry fufu flour (made from cocoyam) contains 2 g of protein, 0.1 g of fat and 84 g of carbohydrates, and 267 calories.[27] One serving (240g) of cooked fufu contains 3.6 g of protein, 7.2 g of fat and 81 g of carbohydrates, and 398 calories.[28]

It is low in cholesterol and rich in potassium, and it is commonly prescribed by doctors for people who have a low level of potassium in their blood.[29]

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  • A family eating fufu
    A family eating fufu
  • A plate of fufu (right) accompanied by peanut soup
    A plate of fufu (right) accompanied by peanut soup
  • Fufu (left) and Palm nut soup (right)
    Fufu (left) and Palm nut soup (right)
  • Fufu
    Fufu
  • Nigerian food: fufu being sold on the street in Lagos
    Nigerian food: fufu being sold on the street in Lagos
  • Wrapped fufu
    Wrapped fufu
  • Preparing fufu in Togo
    Preparing fufu in Togo
  • Wooden pestle and mortar for pounding fufu
    Wooden pestle and mortar for pounding fufu
  • Fufu machine used by a food vendor
    Fufu machine used by a food vendor
  • Pounded fufu
    Pounded fufu
  • Fufu from Ghana
    Fufu from Ghana
  • Ghanaian fufu with light soup, goat meat, and smoked fish
    Ghanaian fufu with light soup, goat meat, and smoked fish
  • Fufu and light soup in asanka
    Fufu and light soup in asanka

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Ukegbu, Kavachi Michelle (2021). The art of fufu : a guide to the culture and flavors of a West African tradition. Grubido. Austin, Texas. ISBN 978-1-62634-596-6. OCLC 1241244901.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ "5 Popular Swallows Eaten By Ghanaians". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  3. ^ Victoria, Akinola (2022-04-24). "5 Nigerian meals that have similar versions across African countries". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  4. ^ Nweke, Felix I. "THE CASSAVA TRANSFORMATION IN AFRICA". United Nations. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  5. ^ "What is Fufu, the West African Delicacy?". www.finedininglovers.com. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
  6. ^ "A review of cassava in Africa with country case studies on Nigeria, Ghana, the United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda and Benin". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
  7. ^ DeLancey, Mark W., and Mark Dike DeLancey (2000). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon, 3rd ed. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, p. 134.
  8. ^ Siciliano-Rosen, L. "Fufu." Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/fufu
  9. ^ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopædia (April 22, 2024). "Akan People". Britannica. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ Miller (2022), p. 89
  11. ^ "Top 5 healthy meals to enjoy when in Ghana - MyJoyOnline.com". www.myjoyonline.com. 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  12. ^ Wheatley, Christopher (1997). Metodos para agregar valor a raices y tuberculos alimenticios: manual para el desarrollo de productos. CIAT. p. 17. ISBN 9589439896.
  13. ^ Achebe, Chinua (1994). Things fall apart. Internet Archive. New York : Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-47454-2.
  14. ^ Miller (2022), p. 111
  15. ^ "cassava".
  16. ^ "HOW TO MAKE WATER FUFU FROM SCRATCH - CASSAVA FUFU". Precious Core. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  17. ^ "How To Make Fufu From Scratch (Nigerian Fufu)". My Active Kitchen. 2021-02-17. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  18. ^ Etejere, Emmanuel O.; Bhat, Ramakrishna B. (1985). "Traditional Preparation and Uses of Cassava in Nigeria". Economic Botany. 39 (2): 161. ISSN 0013-0001.
  19. ^ "Accelerate Tv - Under Maintenance". acceleratetv.com. Retrieved 2022-05-12.[permanent dead link]
  20. ^ "Processing of akpu/fufu Recipe by Emryson's Kitchen". Cookpad. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  21. ^ "Akpu Cassava Fufu Recipe:: Nigerian Dishes :: Galleria Health and Lifestyle, Nigeria". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
  22. ^ "cassava".
  23. ^ Rabade Roque, Raquel (2011). The Cuban Kitchen. NY: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 151. ISBN 978-0307595430.
  24. ^ Martinez, Daisy (2013). Daisy Cooks!: Latin Flavors That Will Rock Your World. Hachette Books. ISBN 9781401306120.
  25. ^ Food and Identity in the Caribbean, Hanna Garth, Ed. 2013 Bloomsbury Press.
  26. ^ Daghetto, Arose N. (2011). "Say Whaaat??– Fufu and Mofongo!". Article. Literature Voodoo-- Quite Storm Enterprises. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  27. ^ "Golden tropics, cocoyam fufu flour by Golden Tropics, Ltd. nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  28. ^ "Fufu nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  29. ^ Health, Public (2020-09-10). "Health Benefits and Side Effects of Eating Fufu - Public Health". Retrieved 2022-09-17.

Bibliography

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