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Hispanophone

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Spanophone)
Not to be confused with Hispanophobe.
Geographic distribution of the Spanish language:
  Official majority language
  Co-official or administrative language but not majority native language
  Secondary language (more than 20% Spanish speakers) or culturally important

Hispanophone refers to anything related to the Spanish language.

In a cultural, rather than merely linguistic sense, the notion of "Hispanophone" goes further than the above definition. The Hispanic culture is the legacy of the vast and prolonged Spanish Empire, and so the term can refer to people whose cultural background is primarily associated with Spain, regardless of racial or geographical differences. The whole sense of identity of the Hispanic population and the Hispanophones is sometimes referred by the term Hispanidad (Hispanicity).

When used in terms to refer to speakers of the Spanish language and the Spanish-speaking world, the Hispanosphere encompasses the following geographical areas: Spain, Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, and portions of the United States (namely the Southwest and Florida).[1] When used in the broader sense to include areas where the local culture has been heavily impacted by Hispanic influences, the former Spanish East Indies colonies of Philippines and to a lesser extent, Guam are also included.

The terms are derived from the Latin word Hispanicus ("Spanish") which refers to anything pertaining to the Roman province of Hispania ("Spain"). In addition to the general definition of Hispanophone, some groups in the Hispanic world make a distinction between Castilian-speaking[i] and Spanish-speaking, with the former term denoting the speakers of the Spanish language—also known as Castilian—and the latter the speakers of the Spanish or Hispanic languages (i.e. the languages of Spain or the languages of the Hispanic nations).

The Hispanosphere

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Flag of the Hispanic People, adopted 12 October 1932

There are an estimated 474.7 million native Spanish speakers and about 100 million second and foreign language speakers around the world as of 2022, totaling 574 million Hispanophones in total.[2] This makes Spanish the second most natively spoken language and fourth most spoken language overall globally. The vast majority of Hispanophones are concentrated in the Hispanosphere, the countries and territories where Spanish is a native or significant language.

Countries

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See also: Hispanicity and Spanish Empire
Countries where Spanish is considered the official language de jure or de facto

During the Spanish period between 1492 and 1898, many people from Spain migrated to the new lands they had conquered. The Spaniards took with them their language and culture, and integrated within the society they had settled, creating a large empire that stretched all over the world and producing several multiracial populations. Their influences are found in the following continents and countries that were originally colonized by the Spaniards.[3]

Main article: List of countries where Spanish is an official language
Rank Country/territory Spanish-speaking
population[1]		 Area (km2) Area (sq mi)
1  Mexico 130,118,356 1,964,375 761,610
2  United States[sn 1] 56,757,391 9,147,593 3,531,905
3  Colombia 51,609,474 1,141,748 440,831
4  Spain 47,615,034 505,944 195,365
5  Argentina 46,234,830 2,780,400 1,073,500
6  Peru 33,470,569 1,285,215 496,225
7  Venezuela 33,360,238 916,445 353,841
8  Chile 19,828,563 756,102 291,930
9  Guatemala 17,357,886 108,889 42,042
10  Ecuador 16,149,014 283,561 109,484
11  Bolivia 12,006,031 1,098,581 424,164
12  Cuba 11,305,652 109,884 42,426
13  Dominican Republic 10,621,938 48,671 18,792
14  Honduras 9,523,621 112,492 43,433
15  Paraguay 7,453,695 406,752 157,065
16  Nicaragua 6,779,100 130,374 50,338
17  El Salvador 6,550,389 21,041 8,124
18  Costa Rica 5,213,374 51,179 19,760
19  Panama 4,446,964 75,417 29,119
20  Uruguay 3,444,263 181,034 69,898
21  Puerto Rico 3,285,874 9,104 3,515
22  Equatorial Guinea 1,454,789 28,052 10,831
23  United States 1,442,241 27,161 9,830
24  Brazil 1,427,171 23,171 9,171
Total 528,181,213 10,171,826 1,000,018
  1. ^ Note: Spanish is the second most spoken language in the U.S. and has no official status except in New Mexico.

Geographic distribution of Spanish speakers

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Europe

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Spain

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Main article: Languages of Spain
The languages of Spain

The modern-day nationalities that live in the region of ancient Hispania are the Portuguese, Spanish, Andorran and Gibraltarian people. Historically, the modern country of Spain was formed by the accretion of several independent Iberian kingdoms through dynastic inheritance, conquest and the will of the local elites. These kingdoms had their own nationalistic[clarification needed] loyalties and political borders.

Today, there is no single Castilian–Spanish[clarification needed] identity for the whole country. Spain is a de facto plurinational state.[citation needed] Many Spanish citizens feel no conflict in recognising their multiple ethnic identities at the same time. Spain is a culturally heterogeneous country, home to a wide range of cultures, each one with its own customs and traditions. Some such cultures have their own language. Since the beginning of the transition to democracy in Spain and the creation of the Spanish autonomous communities, after Francoist Spain, there have been many movements towards more autonomy (delegation of powers) in certain territories of the country, some with the aim of achieving full independence and others with the goal of improving the system of devolution and the state of the autonomies (or self-government entities).

The existence of multiple distinct cultures in Spain allows an analogy to be drawn to the United Kingdom.[citation needed] Using the term Spanish for someone of Spanish descent would then be expected to be equivalent to using Briton to describe someone descending from some part of the United Kingdom. Cultures within the United Kingdom, such as English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh, would then correspond in this analogy to cultures within Spain such as Castilian, Catalan, Galician and Basque among others. In contrast with Spain, because of centuries of gradual and mutual consolidation across the Iberian Peninsula, such distinctions tend to be blurred. It is a subtle, yet important, distinction.

In Spain, as in the United Kingdom, the economically dominant territories—Castile and England—spread their language for mutual communication. However, the political dominance in the United Kingdom tends to be sharper compared to Spain, where most of medieval realms do not correspond with the actual boundaries of the autonomous communities, and the crown was unified into a sole monarch.

Americas

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Hispanic America

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Main article: Hispanic America
Further information: Spanish colonization of the Americas

Spanish is the most widely-spoken language of the Americas, as well as the official language in a great part of the Americas.

United States

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Part of a series on
Hispanic and
Latino Americans
National origin groups
History
Americans by ancestry
Political movements
Organizations
Culture
Languages
Ethnic groups
Lists
Main articles: Hispanics in the United States and History of Hispanic people in the United States

Origins and demography

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Percentage of the U.S. population aged 5 and over who speak the Spanish language at home in 2019, by states.
Distribution of Hispanics in the U.S. in the 2020 United States census.

U.S. Hispanics are citizens of the United States whose ancestry or national origin is of any of the nations composing the Hispanosphere. A Hispanic person's status is independent from whether or not he or she speaks the Spanish language, for not all Hispanic Americans speak Spanish. A Hispanic person may be of any race (White, Amerindian, mixed, Black, Asian or Pacific Islander). As of 2013 Hispanics accounted for 17.1% of the population, around 53.2 million people.[4] This was an increase of 29% since 2004, when Hispanics were 14.1% of the population (around 41.3 million people). The Hispanic growth rate over the July 1, 2003 to July 1, 2004, period was 3.6% — higher than any other ancestral group in the United States — and more than three times the rate of the nation's total population (at 1.0%). The projected Hispanic population of the United States for July 1, 2050, is 105.6 million people. According to this projection, Hispanics will constitute 25% of the nation's total population by the year 2050.[5][6]

Historically, a continuous Hispanic presence in the territory of the United States has existed since the 16th century, earlier than any other group after the Amerindians. Spaniards pioneered the present-day United States. The first confirmed European landing on the continent was that of Juan Ponce de León, who landed in 1513 on the shore he christened La Florida. Within three decades of Ponce de León's landing, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the Appalachian Mountains, the Mississippi River, the Grand Canyon, and the Great Plains. Spanish ships sailed along the East Coast, penetrating to present-day Bangor, Maine, and up the Pacific Coast as far as Oregon.

In 1540 Hernando de Soto undertook an extensive exploration of the present United States. In the same year Francisco Vásquez de Coronado led 2,000 Spaniards and Mexican Indians across today's Arizona–Mexico border and traveled as far as central Kansas, close to the exact geographic center of what is now the continental United States. Other Spanish explorers of the United States make up a long list that includes, among others, Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón, Pánfilo de Narváez, Sebastián Vizcaíno, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Gaspar de Portolà, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Tristán de Luna y Arellano, and Juan de Oñate. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt at Roanoke Island in 1585.

The Spanish created the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. Santa Fe, New Mexico also predates Jamestown, Virginia (founded in 1607) and Plymouth Colony (of Mayflower and Pilgrims fame, founded in 1620). Later came Spanish settlements in San Antonio, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, to name just a few. The Spanish even established a Jesuit mission in Virginia's Chesapeake Bay 37 years before the founding of Jamestown.

Two iconic American stories have Spanish antecedents, too. Almost 80 years before John Smith's alleged rescue by Pocahontas, a man by the name of Juan Ortiz told of his remarkably similar rescue from execution by an Indian girl. Spaniards also held a thanksgiving—56 years before the famous Pilgrims festival—when they feasted near St. Augustine with Florida Indians, probably on stewed pork and garbanzo beans. As late as 1783, at the end of the American Revolutionary War, Spain held claim to roughly half of today's continental United States (see New Spain); in 1775, Spanish ships even reached Alaska. From 1819 to 1848, the United States increased the nation's area by roughly a third of former Spanish and Mexican territory, including today's three most populous states: California, Texas, and Florida. Hispanics became the first American citizens in the newly acquired Southwest territory and remained the ancestral majority in several states until the 20th century, and a large minority in the 21st century.

Hispanic Americans have fought in all the wars of the United States and have earned some of the highest distinctions awarded to U.S. soldiers (list of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients).[7][8][9] Historic figures in the United States have been Hispanic from early times. Some recent famous people of Hispanic descent in the U.S. include actress Rita Hayworth, singer Linda Ronstadt, and baseball legends Lefty Gomez and Ted Williams.

National Hispanic Heritage Month

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The National Hispanic Heritage Month is celebrated in the United States from September 15 to October 15.[10]

Diversity

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Main article: Hispanic

The people of Hispanophone countries encompass many different ethnic backgrounds. Though in countries like the United States, Hispanics may often be stereotyped as having a typical Mediterranean/Amerindian/Southern European appearance - olive skin, dark hair, and dark eyes.[11][12]

Most Hispanics in the United States have their origins in countries such as El Salvador, Cuba, and Mexico, with 90% of Salvadorans, 95% of Paraguayans, and 70%[13] of Mexicans identifying as mestizo, with Mexico having the largest total mestizo population at over 66 million.[14]

In the United States, Hispanics, regardless of self-identified racial background, are labeled Hispanic by the U.S. census. They may have varying of European ancestry, such as Spanish origins, and Amerindian or African roots.[15] From 1850 to 1920, the U.S. Census form did not distinguish between whites and Mexican Americans.[16] In 1930, the U.S. Census form asked for "color or race", and census enumerators were instructed to write W for white and Mex for Mexican.[citation needed] In 1940 and 1950, the census reverted its decision and made Mexicans be classified as white again and thus the instructions were to "Report white (W) for Mexicans unless they were definitely of full Indigenous Indian or other non-white races (such as Black or Asian)."[16])

Of the over 35 million Hispanics counted in the Federal 2000 Census,[citation needed] 47.9% identified as White (termed White Hispanic by the Census Bureau); 42.2% some other race; 6.3% two or more races; 2% Black or African American; 1.2% American Indian and Alaska Native; 0.3% Asian; and 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.[17] Even among those Hispanics who reported one race only, most would also possess at least some ancestral lineage from one or more other races, despite the fact that only 6.3% reported as such (this is also applicable to the non-Hispanics counted in the U.S. Census, although maybe in less proportion).

According to one study (Stephens et al. 2001), from the genetic perspective, Hispanics generally represent a differential mixture of European, Native American, and African ancestry, with the proportionate mix typically depending on country of origin.[15]

The populations of Iberia (both Spain and Portugal), like all European populations, have received multiple other influences, even though they are still largely descended from the prehistoric European populations, and to a greater degree than any other major group.[18]

Africa

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Spanish dialects in Hispanic Africa

Equatorial Guinea

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Main article: Spanish Guinea

In the former Spanish province of Equatorial Guinea, although Portuguese and French are co-official languages, the majority of the population speak Spanish.[19] There is a small minority of African people who possessed Spanish and other European ancestry. These individuals form less than 1% of the population.

Morocco

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Main article: Spanish Morocco

Portions of the north coast of Morocco were a former Spanish protectorate and Spanish remains spoken by about 1.7 million people as of 2018. This makes Morocco the country with the most Spanish speakers outside the Hispanophone world unless the United States is excluded.[20] However, demand for Spanish and overall competency in the language has fallen since the start of the 21st century and the most popular foreign language is now English (as French is considered a second and mandatory language in the country).[21]

Spanish territories in North Africa

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Main article: Autonomous cities of Spain
See also: Plazas de soberanía, Ceuta, Melilla, Chafarinas Islands, Peñón de Alhucemas, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, and Canary Islands

Since the Reconquista, Spain has held numerous emplacements in North Africa. Most of them were promptly lost, but to date, with an approximate population of 143,000 people, the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, which constitute the two plazas de soberanía mayores (Major Territories under [Spanish] Sovereignty) remained Spanish, and the Chafarinas Islands, the Peñón de Alhucemas and the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, which constitute the three plazas de soberanía menores (Minor Territories under [Spanish] Sovereignty), still forming part of Spain. The Canary Islands, a constituent part of Spain's main territorial subdivisions, are also located in North Africa.

Western Sahara

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Main article: Spanish Sahara

Spanish is maintained as a secondary language alongside the official Arabic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a partially recognized state that claims Western Sahara, whose territory formerly comprised the Spanish colony of Spanish Sahara and now is mostly occupied by Morocco. However, Spanish is not a native language in the territory, and the Moroccan government uses Arabic and French in its administration of Western Sahara and the number of Spanish speakers in the territory itself is rather trivial compared to the former two languages.[22]

Asia

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Philippines

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Map of the Chabacano language in Zamboanga in the Philippine Islands
See also: Spanish Filipino, Philippine Spanish, Chavacano, and Captaincy General of the Philippines

In the Philippines, the Spanish Filipino population which mostly descends from those Spanish colonists who arrived during the Spanish colonial period remains influential in Filipino society despite its small numbers. However, the vast majority of Spanish Filipinos today no longer speak Spanish. Instead, most now exclusively speak Tagalog or other local Philippine languages and English.[23] Nevertheless, the only Spanish-based creole language in Asia called Chavacano was developed on the islands and is spoken by roughly a million people.

Section 7, Article XIV of the 1987 Philippine Constitution specifies Spanish (along with Arabic) a language to "be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis", while the Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language (Spanish: Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española) remains the state regulating body for the language. Castilian Spanish is the sole dialectal standard taught in schools, while Philippine Spanish (the local variant of the language which developed during the colonial era) currently has a few thousand native speakers left and is close to extinction.[24]

Despite its rapid decline in the 20th century, there has been a revival of interest in the Spanish language since the first decade of the 21st century among select circles. Under the rule of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (herself a fluent speaker), Spanish was re-introduced into the educational system as an elective language in secondary schools. Nevertheless, the Spanish language's presence in the country and its cultural influence continues to decline and is no longer present in daily life outside the numerous loanwords of Spanish origin in Philippine languages.[25]

Pacific Islands

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Easter Island (Rapa Nui)

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Easter Island, part of Chile, is the only island in Oceania whose official language is Spanish.[26]

Spanish is the official language of Easter Island, a territorial possession of Chile in Polynesia.

Mariana Islands

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Main articles: Guam and Northern Mariana Islands

The Mariana Islands (today split between the United States territory of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands) were formerly governed as a part of the Spanish East Indies, and thus many Chamorros possess some degree of Spanish admixture.

While most people living on these islands no longer speak Spanish, the native Chamorro language exhibits a noticeable Spanish influence in its vocabulary. Many Chamorros have also preserved Hispanic cultural elements such as fiestas, cockfighting, and the Catholic faith despite having integrated with the American way of life.

Spanish surnames are still prevalent on Guam, it is spoken by Catholic people and Puerto Ricans, and the custom of women keeping their maiden names after marriage is a both byproduct of Spanish culture on these islands as well as the matrilineal structure of indigenous Chamorro culture.

Antarctica

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The Orcadas Base, an Argentine scientific station, is the oldest operating Antarctic base and the oldest with a permanent population (since 1907).
The Chilean nucleus Villa Las Estrellas for the civilian population at the Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva, located on the Fildes Peninsula of King George Island in the South Shetland islands

In Antarctica, there are only two civilian localities and both are inhabited primarily by native Spanish speakers. One of them is the Argentine Fortín Sargento Cabral, which has 66 inhabitants.[27] The other is the Chilean town of Villa Las Estrellas, which has a population of 150 inhabitants in summer and 80 inhabitants in winter. In each of them there is a school where students study and do research in Spanish. The Orcadas Base, an Argentine scientific station, is the oldest base in all of Antarctica still in operation and the oldest with a permanent population (since 1907).

The following countries operate scientific bases in Antarctica:

Country Permanent Research Stations Summer Research Stations Total Map
Argentina 6 7 13
Chile 4 5 9
Uruguay 1 1 2
Spain 0 2 2
Peru 0 1 1
Ecuador 0 1 1
See also: Argentine Antarctica, Chilean Antarctic Territory, and Uruguayan Antarctica

Religion

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The Spanish and the Portuguese took the Christian faith to their colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia; Roman Catholicism remains the predominant religion amongst most Hispanics.[28] A significant minority of Spanish speakers are also either Protestant[29] or not affiliated with any religion.

Countries Population Total Christians % Christian Population Unaffiliated % Unaffiliated Population Other religions % Other religions Population Source
 Argentina 43,830,000 85.4% 37,420,000 12.1% 5,320,000 2.5% 1,090,000 [30]
 Bolivia 11,830,000 94.0% 11,120,000 4.1% 480,000 1.9% 230,000 [30]
 Chile 18,540,000 88.3% 16,380,000 9.7% 1,800,000 2.0% 360,000 [30]
 Colombia 52,160,000 92.3% 48,150,000 6.7% 3,510,000 1.0% 500,000 [30]
 Costa Rica 5,270,000 90.8% 4,780,000 8.0% 420,000 1.2% 70,000 [30]
 Cuba 11,230,000 58.9% 6,610,000 23.2% 2,600,000 17.9% 2,020,000 [30]
 Dominican Republic 11,280,000 88.0% 9,930,000 10.9% 1,230,000 1.1% 120,000 [30]
 Ecuador 16,480,000 94.0% 15,490,000 5.6% 920,000 0.4% 70,000 [30]
 El Salvador 6,670,000 88.0% 5,870,000 11.2% 740,000 0.8% 60,000 [30]
 Equatorial Guinea 860,000 88.7% 770,000 5.0% 40,000 6.3% 50,000 [30]
 Guatemala 18,210,000 95.3% 17,360,000 3.9% 720,000 0.8% 130,000 [30]
 Honduras 9,090,000 87.5% 7,950,000 10.5% 950,000 2.0% 190,000 [30]
 Mexico 126,010,000 94.1% 118,570,000 5.7% 7,240,000 0.2% 200,000 [30]
 Nicaragua 6,690,000 85.3% 5,710,000 13.0% 870,000 1.7% 110,000 [30]
 Panama 4,020,000 92.7% 3,720,000 5.0% 200,000 2.3% 100,000 [30]
 Paraguay 7,630,000 96.9% 7,390,000 1.1% 90,000 2.0% 150,000 [30]
 Peru 32,920,000 95.4% 31,420,000 3.1% 1,010,000 1.5% 490,000 [30]
 Philippines 109,035,343 92.4% 102,794,183 0.1% 111,249 5.8% 6,452,448 [30]
 Puerto Rico[sn 1] 3,790,000 90.5% 3,660,000 7.3% 80,000 2.2% 40,000 [30]
 Spain 48,400,000 75.2% 34,410,000 21.0% 10,190,000 3.8% 1,800,000 [30]
 United States 333,287,557 63.0% 209,971,161 29.0% 96,653,392 8.0% 26,663,005 [30]
 Uruguay 3,490,000 57.0% 1,990,000 41.5% 1,450,000 1.5% 50,000 [30]
 Venezuela 33,010,000 89.5% 29,540,000 9.7% 3,220,000 0.8% 250,000 [30]
  1. ^ Note: Puerto Rico is a territory of the  United States.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Spanish: castellanohablante, castellanoparlante, or castellanófono

References

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  1. ^ a b El español: una lengua viva - Informe 2022, Instituto Cervantes. Retrieved 29 March 2022. (in Spanish)
  2. ^ "What are the top 200 most spoken languages?". Ethnologue. 2022.
  3. ^ Beaule, Christine; John G. Douglass (2020). The Global Spanish Empire: Five Hundred Years of Place Making and Pluralism. University of Arizona Press. pp. 62, 128, 133, 292. ISBN 9780816541386.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Table 1. Population by Sex, Age, Hispanic Origin, and Race. US Census Bureau, 2013.
  5. ^ "En 2050, el 10% de la población mundial hablará español". Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2018-12-23.
  6. ^ "Los hispanohablantes ascienden ya a 572 millones de personas". El País. November 28, 2017. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2018 – via elpais.com.
  7. ^ U.S. Army document Archived 2007-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ The Hispanic Experience - Contributions to America's Defense Archived 2007-03-25 at the Wayback Machine. Houstonculture.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  9. ^ U.S. Latino Patriots: From the American Revolution to Afghanistan Archived 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine, An Overview By Refugio I. Rochin and Lionel Fernández
  10. ^ "Hispanic Heritage Month -- National Register of Historic Places Official Website--Part of the National Park Service". nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  11. ^ "Typical stereotypes of Hispanics" Archived 2017-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, NLCATP (National Latino Council on Alcohol and Tobacco Prevention), March 14, 2014
  12. ^ Genetic makeup of Hispanic/Latino Americans influenced by Native American, European and African-American ancestries Archived 2017-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, Science Daily, May 31, 2010
  13. ^ "Mexico". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
  14. ^ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. July 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  15. ^ a b Stephens' study Archived 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine, Stanford University
  16. ^ a b "The Race Question". Rci.rutgers.edu. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  17. ^ "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin" (PDF). March 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-01. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
  18. ^ Dupanloup, Isabelle; Bertorelle, Giorgio; Chikhi, Lounès; Barbujani, Guido (2004-07-01). "Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (7): 1361–1372. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh135. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 15044595.
  19. ^ Dawkins, Farida (12 October 2018). "How Equatorial Guinea became the only Spanish speaking country in Africa". Face2Face Africa. Babu Global. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2019. It is spoken by 67.6% of the Equatorial Guinean population.
  20. ^ "Spanish". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  21. ^ Peregil, Francisco. Morocco's diminishing interest in learning Spanish, El País, 17 Jan 2018.
  22. ^ Candela Romero, Pilar. "El Español en los Campamentos de Refugiados Saharauis (Tinduf, Argelia)" (PDF). cvc.cervantes.es. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  23. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth (4 December 2007). "The loss of Spanish". Makati City, Philippines: Philippine Daily Inquirer (INQUIRER.net). Opinion. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  24. ^ "Nuevas perspectivas para la lengua española en Filipinas (ARI)". Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  25. ^ "Por qué Filipinas no es un país hispanoparlante si fue una colonia de España durante 300 años (y qué huellas quedan de la lengua de Cervantes)". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). 30 January 2021. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  26. ^ Este es el único lugar de Oceanía que habla español y tiene vínculo con Chile desde hace 135 años La República (03/10/2023)
  27. ^ Primer resultado del Censo: en la Antártida viven 230 personas Archived 2012-11-20 at the Wayback Machine en: Los Andes. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  28. ^ "Christians". Pew Research Center. December 18, 2012. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  29. ^ Latinobarometro, Opinion Publica Latinoamericana, Enero 2018.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
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