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Rakvere

Coordinates: 59°21′N 26°21′E / 59.350°N 26.350°E / 59.350; 26.350
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Rakvere
Town
View over Rakvere
View over Rakvere
Flag of Rakvere
Flag
Coat of arms of Rakvere
Coat of arms
Motto: 
Väge täis (Full of might)
Rakvere is located in Estonia
Rakvere
Rakvere
Location in Estonia
Rakvere is located in Baltic Sea
Rakvere
Rakvere
Rakvere (Baltic Sea)
Coordinates: 59°21′N 26°21′E / 59.350°N 26.350°E / 59.350; 26.350
CountryEstonia
CountyLääne-Viru County
Government
 • MayorTriin Varek (Isamaa)
Area
 • Total
10.75 km2 (4.15 sq mi)
Elevation
82 m (269 ft)
Population
 (2024)
 • Total
15,516
 • Rank8th
 • Density1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
Ethnicity
 • Estonians88%
 • Russians9%
 • other3%
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
44306
Area code(+372) 032
ISO 3166 codeEE-663
Vehicle registrationR
Websitewww.rakvere.ee

Rakvere is the administrative centre, or county seat, of Lääne-Viru County in northern Estonia, about 100 km southeast of Tallinn and 20 km south of the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea. From the 13th century until the early 20th century, Rakvere was more widely known by its historical German name Wesenberg(h).

History

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The earliest signs of a human settlement, dating back to the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries AD, have been found on the present-day theatre hill. Probably to protect this settlement, a wooden stronghold was built on another hill (Vallimägi) nearby.

After the Kingdom of Denmark conquered northern Estonia, its new rulers started to erect stone buildings in 1220. A settlement called Tarvanpea is first mentioned in 1226 in the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia. The Danish stronghold is first recorded as Wesenbergh (in Middle Low German) in 1252. The Battle of Wesenberg, with the Danish and Teutonic knights and local militia on one side and the forces of Novgorod and Pskov on the other, occurred near Rakvere on 18 February 1268. Rakvere was granted Lübeck rights on 12 June 1302. After the Danish king sold Danish Estonia to the Livonian Order in 1346, a large castle was built on top of the previous stronghold. The Ordensburg was protected by towers and courtyards.

Rakvere Castle

The building of a Franciscan monastery started in 1508. In 1558, Muscovite troops captured Rakvere. In 1574, Sweden heavily damaged the town after the disastrous Siege of Wesenberg.[1] In 1581, Sweden captured Rakvere[2] and passed it to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1602; Polish troops destroyed the castle in 1605. After Rakvere returned to Swedish control that same year, a mansion was built on the ruins of the monastery. In 1703, during the Great Northern War, Rakvere was burned down. With the Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710 and the subsequent Treaty of Nystad in 1721, the town became part of the Russian Empire. It was a part of Russia until 1918 when, following World War I, Estonia became an independent nation.

During Estonia's first period of independence from 1918 to 1940, many prominent buildings were built in Rakvere, including the market building, the old bank building (today, SEB Pank), and Rakvere Secondary School (since 2022, Rakvere Freedom School). Local newspapers emerged, including the county paper Virumaa Teataja in 1925. The idea of a professional theatre in Rakvere started to take shape as well. In 1930, during the administration of Mayor Heinrich Aviksoo, the town stadium opened.

Rakvere is reportedly Europe's smallest town with its own professional theatre.[3] The roots of Rakvere Theatre date back to 1882. Construction of the theatre was completed at the end of the 1930s, and its festive opening was on 24 February 1940. The theatre survived World War II and, today, presents 10 new productions each season. Rakvere Theatre has given Estonia many renowned actors, including Volli Käro, Üllar Saaremäe, Indrek Saar, Ülle Lichtfeldt, and Aarne Üksküla. Since 1990, the theatre has organized the biannual event Baltoscandal, which hosts avant-garde plays and groups from all over the world.

On 15 July 2000, a high-end F2/T5 tornado hit Rakvere, killing one person and injuring one other. The tornado damaged 110 homes and destroyed 120 garage buildings. One car was seen airborne.[4][5]

Transport

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The T5 highway to Pärnu starts near Rakvere, and the T1 Tallinn-Narva highway, part of European route E20, is just to the north of the town. Narva is 114 km to the east of Rakvere. The Tallinn-Narva railway passes the city, and passenger trains between Tallinn and Narva, operated by Elron, stop at Rakvere several times a day. Daily busses connect Rakvere to Tallinn and Narva, too, as well as to many small towns throughout Lääne-Virumaa, including Tapa and Kunda.

Geography

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Rakvere has a total area of 10.75 square kilometres. There are 19 districts, or neighborhoods, in Rakvere: Kondivalu, Kukeküla, Kurikaküla, Lennuvälja, Lepiku, Lilleküla, Linnuriik, Moonaküla, Mõisavälja, Paemurru, Palermo, Roodevälja, Seminari, Südalinn, Taaravainu, Tammiku, Vallimäe, Vanalinn, and Õpetaja Heinamaa. Although about 15% of Rakvere is covered by forests and parks, it is Estonia's third most densely populated urban area.

Demographics

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Ethnic composition 1922-2021
Ethnicity 1922[6] 1934[7] 1941[8] 1959[9] 1970[10] 1979[11] 1989[11] 2000[12] 2011[13] 2021[14]
amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount %
Estonians 6885 89.9 9108 90.8 8099 95.7 11168 78.1 13292 74.3 14550 76.5 14902 75.2 14496 84.8 13445 88.1 13386 88.4
Russians 304 3.97 355 3.54 163 1.93 - - 3441 19.2 3326 17.5 3545 17.9 1845 10.8 1371 8.98 1155 7.63
Ukrainians - - 0 0.00 - - - - 410 2.29 355 1.87 507 2.56 218 1.28 150 0.98 193 1.27
Belarusians - - - - - - - - 106 0.59 108 0.57 171 0.86 69 0.40 46 0.30 36 0.24
Finns - - 22 0.22 5 0.06 - - 394 2.20 406 2.14 396 2.00 277 1.62 137 0.90 121 0.80
Jews 101 1.32 100 1.00 0 0.00 - - 44 0.25 24 0.13 23 0.12 11 0.06 5 0.03 0 0.00
Latvians - - 21 0.21 8 0.09 - - 26 0.15 26 0.14 20 0.10 5 0.03 6 0.04 14 0.09
Germans 256 3.34 281 2.80 - - - - - - 60 0.32 88 0.44 9 0.05 9 0.06 8 0.05
Tatars - - 9 0.09 - - - - - - 50 0.26 27 0.14 21 0.12 15 0.10 8 0.05
Poles - - 13 0.13 17 0.20 - - - - 28 0.15 22 0.11 15 0.09 14 0.09 12 0.08
Lithuanians - - 2 0.02 2 0.02 - - 19 0.11 20 0.11 24 0.12 9 0.05 6 0.04 7 0.05
unknown 0 0.00 42 0.42 5 0.06 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 50 0.29 5 0.03 81 0.53
other 113 1.48 74 0.74 167 1.97 3128 21.9 159 0.89 58 0.31 97 0.49 72 0.42 55 0.36 119 0.79
Total 7659 100 10027 100 8466 100 14296 100 17891 100 19011 100 19822 100 17097 100 15264 100 15141 99.9

Religion in Rakvere City (2021) [1]

  Unaffiliated (83.2%)
  Lutheran (8.5%)
  Orthodox (4.0%)
  Others Christians (1.8%)
  Others Religions or Unknown (2.5%)

Main landmarks

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Rakvere Castle

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The oldest known archeological traces of the ancient fortress on Rakvere's Vallimägi hill date from the 5th and 6th centuries. Throughout the ages, Rakvere Castle has belonged to Danish kings, knight-monks of the Livonian Order, and the Swedish and Polish states. During the Polish-Swedish War of 1600-1629, the castle was partly blown up by Polish troops in 1605, and, later, by the Swedish army. The castle has lain in ruins ever since.[15]

Today, permanent exhibitions and seasonal programs and activities in the castle explain everyday life in the 16th century. Visitors can dress as medieval knights and walk through the castle's rooms, including a torture chamber, an alchemist's workshop, and a room of historical artifacts. -->[16]

Tarvas Statue

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Tarvas statue

Rakvere's Tarvas statue of an aurochs, by Estonian sculptor Tauno Kangro, is considered the largest animal statue in the Baltic region. Erected in 2002 for Rakvere's 700th birthday, Tarvas stands on the edge of Vallimägi, a symbol of the town's motto "Full of Strength" (Väge täis). Along with its granite pedestal, the bronze statue is seven meters long and four meters high and weighs about seven tons. The individuals and companies who financed it are engraved in the granite block.[17]

Rakvere Central Square

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In 2004, Rakvere's central, or town, square got a new, modern look with architects' O. Kadariku, M. Tüüri, and V. Tomiste's five yellow domes (or umbrellas or chanterelle mushrooms or medieval turret tops) hanging from white semi-arches. A sculpture of Young man on bicycle listening to music is dedicated to Estonian composer Arvo Pärt, an honorary citizen of Rakvere.[18] Surrounding the square is Rakvere's central business district, including a historical market building and the SEB Pank building, one of the most representative bank buildings in Estonia designed by Ferdinand Gustav Adoff.

Rakvere Trinity Church

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Trinity Church, Rakvere's Lutheran church, dates from the 15th century and was designed to also be a stronghold in times of trouble. It was severely damaged during the Livonian War, and renovations started in 1684. During the Great Northern War, the church was damaged by fire twice. Renovations were made from 1727 to 1730 and again during the middle of the 19th century, when the church received its present look, dominated by a neo-Gothic spire. The interior displays fine craftsmanship, including a Baroque pulpit from 1690 made by Christian Ackermann.[19]

Pikk Street

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Pikk Street is the oldest street in Rakvere. In the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, Pikk Street was the town's main shopping street with banks, shops, restaurants, and guesthouses. In 2020, as part of the EV100 "Good Public Space" program, approximately 700 meters of Pikk Street were reconstructed, making it a pedestrian-friendly, historical thoroughfare reminiscent of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The so-called Carrot Stairs (Estonian: Porganditrepp) with wider steps at the top and little ones at the bottom lead up to Vallimägi and Rakvere Castle ,[20][21]

Twin towns - sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Estonia

Rakvere is twinned with:[22]

Sports

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Sports clubs

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Sports events

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[edit]
  • Rakvere town centre
    Rakvere town centre
  • Rakvere Theatre
    Rakvere Theatre
  • Rakvere Trinity Church
    Rakvere Trinity Church
  • Rakvere Baptist Church
    Rakvere Baptist Church
  • Hotel Wesenberg
    Hotel Wesenberg
  • Rakvere manor park
    Rakvere manor park
  • Rakvere main square
    Rakvere main square
  • Buildings on Pikk Street
    Buildings on Pikk Street
  • Estonian Police Museum
    Estonian Police Museum
  • Pikk Street in Rakvere
    Pikk Street in Rakvere
  • Rakvere Manorhouse and Theatre
    Rakvere Manorhouse and Theatre
  • Rakvere County Courthouse
    Rakvere County Courthouse
  • Rakvere Sports Hall
    Rakvere Sports Hall

References

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  1. ^ Peterson, Gary Dean (2007). Warrior kings of Sweden. The rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. McFarland. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-0-7864-2873-1.
  2. ^ Black, Jeremy (1996). Warfare. Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792. Cambridge Illustrated Atlases. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0-521-47033-1.
  3. ^ Taul, Gregor. "Turism ja linnamaastikud Pihkvas". Sirp. 22 December 2011. Accessed 4 April 2012. (in Estonian)
  4. ^ "European Severe Weather Database".
  5. ^ "Tornaado läks läbi Rakvere".
  6. ^ 1922 a. üldrahvalugemise andmed. Vihk IV, Viru maakond (tabelid). Eesti riikline statistika (in Estonian and French). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1924. pp. 12–13. hdl:10062/4451.
  7. ^ Rahvastiku koostis ja korteriolud. 1.III 1934 rahvaloenduse andmed. Vihk II (in Estonian). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1935. pp. 47–53.
  8. ^ Eesti Statistika : kuukiri 1942-03/04 (in German and Estonian). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1942. pp. 66–67.
  9. ^ Katus, Kalev; Puur, Allan; Põldma, Asta; Sakkeus, Luule (1996). Rahvastiku ühtlusarvutatud sündmus- ja loendusstatistika: Lääne-Virumaa 1965-1990. Sari C (in Estonian and English). Tallinn: Eesti Kõrgkoolidevaheline Demouuringute Keskus. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9985-820-21-5.
  10. ^ Население районов, городов и поселков городского типа Эстонской ССР : по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения на 15 января 1970 года (in Russian). Tallinn: Eesti NSV Statistika Keskvalitsus. 1972. p. 78.
  11. ^ a b Eesti Vabariigi maakondade, linnade ja alevite rahvastik: 1989. a. rahvaloenduse andmed: statistikakogumik. 1. osa: Rahvaarv rahvuse, perekonnaseisu, hariduse ja elatusallikate järgi (in Estonian). Tallinn: Statistikaamet. 1990. pp. 30, 35. ISBN 978-9949-71-932-7.
  12. ^ "RL222: RAHVASTIK ELUKOHA JA RAHVUSE JÄRGI". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
  13. ^ "RL0429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2011". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
  14. ^ "RL21429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA (HALDUSÜKSUS) JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2021". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
  15. ^ "RAKVERE CASTLE'S HISTORY".
  16. ^ "Virumaa Museums - Rakvere Castle".
  17. ^ "Tarvas sculpture".
  18. ^ "Market square Rakvere".
  19. ^ Viirand, Tiiu (2004). Estonia. Cultural Tourism. Kunst Publishers. p. 129. ISBN 9949-407-18-4.
  20. ^ "Rakvere Stairs". Kavakava. Tallinn: Kavakava Architects. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  21. ^ "Historic Pikk street".
  22. ^ "Sõpruslinnad". rakvere.kovtp.ee (in Estonian). Rakvere linn. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rakvere.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rakvere.
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