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Teen Titans (TV series)

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Not to be confused with the 2013 TV series Teen Titans Go!.

Teen Titans
GenreSuperhero
Created byGlen Murakami[1]
Based on
Teen Titans
by
Developed by
Voices of
Theme music composerAndy Sturmer
Opening theme"Teen Titans Theme",
performed by Puffy AmiYumi
Ending theme"Teen Titans Theme" (instrumental)
Composers
Country of originUnited States
Original languageEnglish
No. of seasons5
No. of episodes65 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producerSander Schwartz
Producers
  • Glen Murakami
  • Linda M. Steiner
  • Bruce Timm (seasons 1–2)
  • David Slack (seasons 3–5)
Running time21–23 minutes
Production companiesDC Comics (season 5)
Warner Bros. Animation
Original release
NetworkCartoon Network
Kids' WB
ReleaseJuly 19, 2003 (2003-07-19) –
September 15, 2006 (2006-09-15)
Related
Teen Titans Go!

Teen Titans is an American animated superhero television series created by Glen Murakami and developed by Murakami, David Slack and Sam Register. Based on DC Comics's superhero team Teen Titans, it was produced by Warner Bros. Animation, and DC Comics (for season 5). The show premiered on Cartoon Network on July 19, 2003; its first two seasons also aired on Kids' WB. Initially, only four seasons were planned, but the popularity of the series led to Cartoon Network ordering a fifth season. The final half-hour episode of the show, "Things Change", aired on January 16, 2006; it was later followed by a TV movie, Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo, that premiered on September 15 the same year, serving as the series finale. A 15-minute episode titled "The Lost Episode" was released as part of an online promotional campaign by Post Consumer Brands in January 2005.

Teen Titans became one of Cartoon Network's most popular series, renowned for its humor, storylines, and banter between the main characters. During its run, the series was nominated for three Annie Awards and one Motion Picture Sound Editors Award. Spin-off media included comics, DVD releases, video games, music albums, and collectible toys. In 2013, the show spawned a spin-off, titled Teen Titans Go!, which received a theatrical film that was released on July 27, 2018, titled Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. In 2019, a crossover film with Teen Titans Go! was released, titled Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans. It features the first appearance of the original series characters after 13 years.

The series was first shown on Boomerang from February 2, 2009, replacing Voltron: Defender of the Universe until October 31, 2010. It returned to Boomerang's line-up on October 3, 2011, and left the schedule again on June 1, 2014.

Premise

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The Teen Titans from left to right:
Cyborg, Robin, Beast Boy, Starfire, and Raven

Teen Titans is based primarily on stories by Marv Wolfman and George Pérez from the 1980s, featuring characters, storylines, and concepts introduced during the run, and incorporating a similar group of members. The five main members of the eponymous team in the series are Robin (Scott Menville), the intelligent and capable leader of the Teen Titans; Starfire (Hynden Walch), a quirky, curious alien princess from the planet Tamaran; Cyborg (Khary Payton), a half-human/half-robot cyborg who is known for his strength and technological prowess; Raven (Tara Strong), a stoic girl from the parallel world Azarath who draws upon dark energy and psionic abilities; and Beast Boy (Greg Cipes), a good-natured joker who can transform into various animals. They are situated in Titans Tower, a large T-shaped building featuring living quarters, a command center, and a variety of training facilities on an island just offshore from the West Coast metropolis of Jump City. The team deals with all manner of criminal activity and threats to the city, while dealing with their own struggles with adolescence, their mutual friendships, and their limitations.

The first season focuses on the Teen Titans' introduction to the mysterious supervillain Slade (Ron Perlman), who seeks to turn Robin into his apprentice. The second season is an adaptation of "The Judas Contract" storyline where new hero Terra (Ashley Johnson) joins the team while secretly plotting against them with Slade. The third season depicts Cyborg's conflict with the evil organization H.I.V.E. and their leader Brother Blood (John DiMaggio), prompting Cyborg to form the superhero team Titans East with Aqualad (Wil Wheaton), Speedy (Mike Erwin), Bumblebee (T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh), and Más y Menos (Freddy Rodriguez). In the fourth season, Raven finds herself unwillingly involved in a plot that threatens the existence of the world when her demon father Trigon (Kevin Michael Richardson) seeks to enslave the Earth. For the fifth season, the Teen Titans join forces with numerous other heroes to combat the Brotherhood of Evil, Beast Boy's longtime adversaries, and their army of villains.

Episodes

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Main article: List of Teen Titans episodes

Each season contains a distinct story arc that is centered on a specific Titan on the team. Starfire is the only individual member who was part of the original roster to not have a season focused on her.

SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedSeason-centric Titan(s)[2]
First airedLast aired
113July 19, 2003 (2003-07-19)November 11, 2003 (2003-11-11)Robin
213January 10, 2004 (2004-01-10)August 21, 2004 (2004-08-21)Terra
313August 28, 2004 (2004-08-28)January 22, 2005 (2005-01-22)Cyborg
SpecialJanuary 3, 2005 (2005-01-03)—
413January 29, 2005 (2005-01-29)July 16, 2005 (2005-07-16)Raven
513September 24, 2005 (2005-09-24)January 16, 2006 (2006-01-16)Beast Boy
MovieSeptember 15, 2006 (2006-09-15)—
CrossoverSeptember 24, 2019 (2019-09-24)—

Cast and characters

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Main

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Main article: List of Teen Titans characters

Secret identities

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Unlike most other superhero television series, the Teen Titans characters maintain their superhero identities at all times, with any hints at the concept of an alter ego or secret identity rarely explored.

It was really important to me that little kids watching it could identify with characters. And I thought that the minute you start giving them secret identities then kids couldn't project themselves onto the characters anymore. And that was important to me. I know it's kind of important to have secret identities and stuff like that but we wanted everything to be really, really, iconic. Like, "Oh, there's the robot guy. There's the alien girl. There's the witch girl. There's the shape-changing boy. There's the…" We just wanted it really clean like that. We wanted it like old Star Trek. We just wanted it simple…

…And the whole "Who's Robin?" controversy is really kind of interesting to me. My big concern is just trying to make Robin cool. And just really set Robin apart from Batman. So if it seems like I'm avoiding the question, I sort of am. Because I don't think it's really important. My concern is how do I make Robin a really strong lead character without all that other stuff. And I feel that way about all the characters. How can I keep all the characters really iconic and really clean.

— Glen Murakami, Drawing Inspiration: An Interview with Glen Murakami, April 2004[3]

The secret identity of Robin, an alias assumed by multiple characters in the comics, is never explicitly revealed in the series. However, several hints are provided to suggest he is Dick Grayson, the original Robin and founding member of the Teen Titans:

  • Robin's alternate dimensional counterpart Larry in the episode "Fractured" is named Nosyarg Kcid—"Dick Grayson" spelled backwards.
  • Robin's future counterpart in the episode "How Long Is Forever?" has taken on the identity of Nightwing, Grayson's second superhero alias.
  • The main romance in the show is Robin's relationship with Starfire, whom Grayson would romance in the comics.
  • A glimpse into Robin's consciousness by Raven in the episode "Haunted" shows the memory of two acrobats falling from a trapeze, a reference to the death of Grayson's acrobat parents being the catalyst for him becoming Robin.
  • Further connections to the Batman mythos include two references in the episode "The Apprentice, Pt. II", when Robin responds to a suggestion by the villain Slade that he "might be like a father to [him]" with "I already have a father" (which transitions to a shot of flying bats) and a fight scene on the rooftop of a building labeled Wayne Enterprises.

The Teen Titans Go! episode "Permanent Record" would satirize the mystery of Robin's identity by explicitly giving his name as "Robin v.3: Tim Drake" (the third Robin), with "Dick Grayson" and "Jason Todd" (the second Robin) being written over. Subsequent episodes, however, establish him as Dick Grayson through vague flashbacks to his boyhood at Haley Circus.

In the comics, Starfire and Raven are the real names of their respective characters. While the show does not specify this with the latter, the former acknowledges "Starfire" as the English translation of her name in the season 5 episode "Go!" and her native name, Koriand'r, is used in the season 3 episode "Betrothed". The comic versions of these characters, however, also use the civilian aliases Kory Anders and Rachel Roth, which are not used on the show.

The policy of not mentioning the characters' secret identities would be broken in the season 5 premiere "Homecoming" when Elasti-Girl refers to Beast Boy by his real name, Garfield. Cyborg's real name in the comics, Victor Stone, is referenced in the season 3 premiere "Deception" when he uses "Stone" as an undercover alias, although the series does not identify this as his real name.

Production

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Soundtrack

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The series is known for featuring both an English[4] and Japanese[5] version of its title theme song, created by Andy Sturmer and performed by the Japanese band Puffy AmiYumi. The title theme used in the regions where the show was broadcast varied; some would play only one version, while Japan - and the English language video editions - would use both, according to the respective episode's plot theme: the English lyrics for more serious stories, the Japanese version for more comedic tones.[6]

The first-season episode "Mad Mod" also featured another song by Puffy AmiYumi, "K2G".[6] In the feature-length film Trouble in Tokyo, a literal translation of the Japanese song, whose actual lyrics differ greatly from its English counterpart, is performed for comedic effect.[6]

Cancellation

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In mid-November 2005, TitansTower.com reported that prospects for a sixth season were looking extremely unlikely, and fans were urged[7] to express their support for the show to Cartoon Network. Several days after this initial posting, word came that Cartoon Network had officially terminated the show.[7] According to Wil Wheaton, the actor who provided the voice of Aqualad, the series was terminated by new Warner Bros. Animation executives, who made the decision not to renew the series based on its sixth season pitch.[8] Wheaton's story was contradicted by series story editor Rob Hoegee, who stated that the decision came from Cartoon Network, not WB, and that the crew was informed during the writing phase of season five that there were no plans for a sixth season.[9] The show's producer David Slack indicated that he was given different reasons for the show's cancellation; either the ratings dropped after the "scary" season 4, or Mattel wanted the show dead because Bandai had the show's toy deal.[10] Cartoon Network announced that Mattel had become its "master toy licensee" in 2006.[11]

After the last episode, Warner Bros. Animation released a feature film titled Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo. The film premiered at San Diego Comic-Con and was shown on Cartoon Network first on September 15, 2006, before airing on Kids' WB on September 16, and finally releasing on DVD on February 6, 2007.

Proposed spin-off

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As early as August 2006, there were reports that Teen Titans may undergo a re-branding, with producer Glen Murakami citing the 1995 hiatus of Batman: The Animated Series, which was retooled in 1997 as The New Batman Adventures.[12] According to Rob Hoegee, this had been suggested by Sam Register after he and David Slack had left the show, leaving Glen Murakami and Amy Wolfram to develop a proposal for a new show that would have expanded the team with all the new characters introduced in Season 5. When they had sent the pitch in, it was ultimately declined.[9]

According to reports,[13] the new show would have been titled New Teen Titans, and rather than focusing on the original five, would have featured a rotating cast, like Justice League Unlimited, working from 5 separate headquarters linked together by a communications system designed by Cyborg. Some of these proposed teamups included:

  • Robin, Speedy, Aqualad, Kid Flash (a tribute to the original Titans from the comic book)
  • Kid Flash, Mas y Menos
  • Wildebeest, Jericho, Gnarkk
  • Hotspot, Kilowatt, Redstar
  • Raven, Starfire, Kole, Argent, Bumblebee, Pantha (in a story titled "Truth or Dare")

The show was slated to introduce new villains, notably one named "Athena" who had the Midas touch and was accompanied by an ever changing roster of superpowered suiters as well as a posse of robot girls, and see the return of fan favorites from the original series, such as Mad Mod (in a story titled "The Mad Mods"), Control Freak ("The Battle of the Geeks"), and Soto ("Planet Soto"). Series artist, Brianne Drouhard, has also stated doing visual development on a character that wasn't mentioned in the reporting.[14] Murakami also expressed interest in using Phobia, Mister Twister, and Ravager.[15]

The pitch documents included information on a holiday episode, as well as a plot line in which Herald would unknowingly create a rift in "DIMENSION X", allowing a microscopic, freeloading creature to travel with them to Earth. The creature multiplies exponentially, and in the end the New Teen Titans must battle the creature and repair the rift. According to series artist Derrick J. Wyatt, this would have tied back to the original show, and the unnamed creature from the series finale, "Things Change".[16]

Crossover with Teen Titans Go!

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A mid-credits scene from Teen Titans Go! To the Movies featured the 2003 Titans' return, in which Robin states they've "found a way back".[17]

In 2019, Warner Bros. released a crossover film featuring the Titans from both shows, titled Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans.[18][19] The film premiered at San Diego Comic-Con on July 21, followed by a digital release on September 24 and a DVD and Blu-ray release on October 15.[20] The events of the film take place during the fifth season of Teen Titans Go!.

Legacy

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The series was revisited as a series of shorts in 2012 for the DC Nation programming block on Cartoon Network. Dubbed New Teen Titans, the shorts began airing on September 11. The shorts featured the Titans in chibi form, with the principal cast members of the original series returning.[21]

Ciro Nieli, one of the show's directors, would go on to create Disney's Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!, another superhero action show with a large anime influence, but premiered in 2004 on Jetix, and featured Beast Boy's voice actor Greg Cipes as the voice of Chiro, the show's main protagonist. Sam Register, producer of the series, also made his own show in 2004 with Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi on Cartoon Network, which was based on the pop duo who did the theme song, and also had an anime influence, but was created more to be a slapstick comedy in the veins of Looney Tunes and Tom and Jerry.

Teen Titans Go! was announced as a spin-off, with many voices the same, but not significantly related in terms of story to both the Teen Titans series and the New Teen Titans shorts.[22] The series premiered on April 23, 2013.[23]

Richardson, Payton, Strong, Cipes, and Walch reprised their respective character roles as Trigon, Cyborg, Raven, Beast Boy, Starfire, and Blackfire in DC Super Hero Girls.

Payton reprised his role as Cyborg in Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered, Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League, Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom, Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash, Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout along with Cipes, Walch, and Menville (although he played the Damian Wayne Robin), Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash, and Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis. He has also reprised his role as Cyborg on Justice League Action.

Several character details from Teen Titans, like Raven's standard incantation Azarath Metrion Zinthos and Beast Boy's super-werewolf form from the episode "The Beast Within", were incorporated into the animated film Justice League vs. Teen Titans.

Impact on DC continuity

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Teen Titans has never been established to be a part of the larger DC Animated Universe or The Batman animated series. Series producer Bruce Timm said the series would not cross over with Justice League Unlimited. Despite this, the series was alluded to in the Static Shock episode "Hard as Nails", where Static asked Batman where Robin was, to which Batman responded, "With the Titans...You'll meet them some day". The character Speedy, who first appeared in the episode "Winner Take All", later appeared in Justice League Unlimited with the same costume design and voice actor (Mike Erwin) as the Teen Titans incarnation (though he is older in appearance). Kid Flash was voiced by Michael Rosenbaum in his appearances in the show, who was the same actor who voiced the Flash in Justice League Unlimited; both characters are the Wally West incarnations. The follow-up series, Teen Titans Go!, has featured several appearances by Batman, but they have all been non-speaking appearances. Both Batman and Alfred Pennyworth appear in DC Nation's New Teen Titans "Red X Unmasked". In the season 2 episode of Teen Titans Go!, "Let's Get Serious", Aqualad (voiced by Khary Payton), Superboy, and Miss Martian of the Young Justice team appear.

Much like the DC Animated Universe (as well as X-Men: Evolution and Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends), the series has affected the comics that initially inspired it, including: Beast Boy adopting the series' purple and black outfit during DC's "52" storyline and later appearing with the pointed ears and fanged teeth originated by the series,[24] future Cyborg having the same armor pattern of his animated counterpart in the Titans Tomorrow storyline,[25] Raven adapting her animated counterpart's costume design in the "One Year Later" storyline, the characters Más Y Menos making appearances in 52 and the Final Crisis limited series,[26] the character Joto was renamed "Hotspot" during 52 to match his cartoon counterpart,[27] and the villain Cinderblock appearing in a fight with the comic incarnation of the Titans.[28] Red X is later included in the mainstream comic publications through the two-issue teaser comic Future State Teen Titans and its follow-up series Teen Titans Academy.[29][30]

Reception

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Early into the series' run, Executive Producer and Cartoon Network and Warner Bros. Animation Vice President Sam Register responded to criticism regarding the style of the show with a statement slightly contradicting Murakami's statement about wanting Robin to "be cool" with his metal-tipped boots:

Justice League is awesome and Samurai Jack is awesome and we buy a lot of anime shows that are great, but those shows really are directed more towards the nine to fourteen age group, and the six and seven and eight-year-olds were not gelling with the Justice League and some of the more of the fanboy shows... The main mission was making a good superhero show for kids. Now if the fanboys happen to like the Teen Titans also, that's great, but that was not our mission.

— Sam Register, CBR News interview, May 8, 2004

However, while the series' creators initially stated that younger children were the intended audience for the series, Teen Titans Go! writer J. Torres notes that the progression and deeper themes of the show widened the appeal to a much broader audience:

... [The show] started out skewed a lot younger... but along the way, I think the producers discovered it was reaching a wider audience. ... [the show] got into some darker story lines, and they introduced a lot more characters, so they expanded on it, and they let the show evolve with the audience.

— J. Torres, Titans Companion 2 by Glen Cadigan.[31]

In 2009, Teen Titans was named the 83rd best animated series by IGN.[32]

TVLine lists the theme song from the series among the best animated series themes of all time.[33]

Awards and nominations

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2005 Annie Awards
  • Outstanding Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production (Nominated)
2004 Annie Awards
  • Outstanding Music in an Animated Television Production (Nominated)
  • Outstanding Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production (Nominated)
2004 Motion Picture Sound Editors Awards
  • Best Sound Editing in Television Animation (Nominated)

In other media

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Comics

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Main article: Teen Titans Go! (2004 comic series)

From 2004 to 2008, DC Comics published a comic book series based on Teen Titans called Teen Titans Go!. The series was written by J. Torres and Todd Nauck, Larry Stucker was the regular illustrator. The series focuses on Robin, Raven, Starfire, Beast Boy, and Cyborg who are the main cast members of the television series. While the comic's stories stand independently, its issues were done so as not to contradict events established in the animated series' episodes. Often, Teen Titans Go! also referenced episodes of the show, as well as expanding on parts of the series.

In July 2024, DC Comics published a comic book series named Primer: Clashing Colors that features this iteration of the Teen Titans. It is written by Thomas Krajewski and Jennifer Muro, illustrated by Gretel Lusky. The comic focuses on Ashley Rayburn putting her powers to the test in order to be put on the team with the rest of the main cast.

Toys

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Bandai released a line of action figures based on the Teen Titans animated series. The line included 1.5 inch "Comic Book Hero" mini figures, 3.5 inch action figures (including "Teen Titans Launch Tower Playset", "Teen Titans Command Center", "Battling Machines", "T-Vehicles", "T-Sub Deluxe Vehicles"), 5 inch action figures, 6.5 inch plush Super-D Toys, and 10 inch figures. Amongst the characters included in the line were the main members of the Teen Titans, Titans East, and various allies and villains.[34][35]

Video games

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Teen Titans is a video game released on October 16, 2005 for the Game Boy Advance. It was the first video game adaptation based on the animated television series. The plot of the game followed Brother Blood having stolen copies of the Titans' DNA to create a clone army. Playable characters featured the main cast, Robin, Raven, Beast Boy, Starfire, and Cyborg. A console version of the game and a sequel titled Teen Titans 2 was released in 2006.

Films

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Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans, released on July 21, 2019, features the main cast of Teen Titans along with the one of Teen Titans Go! in a crossover where both versions must fight villains from their respective worlds.

Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths – Part Three, released on July 16, 2024, contains a cameo where Titans Tower from the animated series can be momentarily seen.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Murakami, Glen. "Five Seasons of Murakanime". Titans Tower (Interview). Interviewed by Walko, Bill. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012.
  2. ^ "Five Seasons of Murakanime - Titanstower.com". Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  3. ^ Walko, Bill (April 2004). "Drawing Inspiration: An Interview with Glen Murakami". TitansTower.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  4. ^ "Teen Titans Theme". Puffy AmiYumi World. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  5. ^ "Teen Titans (Japanese version)". Puffy AmiYumi World. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  6. ^ a b c "Puffy Amiyumi: The Iconic and Multifaceted Duo". Yattatachi. June 21, 2017. Archived from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  7. ^ a b "Teen Titans' Sixth Season Looks Unlikely". Titans Tower Monitor. November 15, 2005. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  8. ^ Wheaton, Wil. Wil Wheaton's Radio Free Burrito Episode 4 (Media notes). TitansGo.net. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  9. ^ a b "Live Chat with Rob Hoegee [Transcript]". Titansgo.net. Archived from the original on December 9, 2006.
  10. ^ "David Slack on Twitter". Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  11. ^ "Mattel Named Cartoon Network Master Toy Licensee". Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  12. ^ Rossen, Jake (August 2006). "'Toonig Out - 'Toyfare' Investigates the Cancellation of 'Teen Titans' and 'Justice League Unlimited'". Toyfare #108. Wizard Entertainment.
  13. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: TEEN TITANS - What Did Warner Bros. Have In Store For Season 6?". April 8, 2021. Archived from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  14. ^ @@potatofarmgirl (April 12, 2021). "I don't remember much, but I do remember helping w vis dev on a major character who isn't mentioned here at all... so... a mystery" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  15. ^ ""Five Seasons of Murakanime" - An Interview with Teen Titans Producer Glen Murakami". Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  16. ^ @@DerrickJWyatt (April 12, 2021). "Some of it seems kind of familiar. I remember the idea for more international T Towers, and I remember a new British villain kid that could have been Jack Fog. The Dimension X stuff was supposed to tie into the creature from the final episode with Terra" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  17. ^ Radulovic, Petrana. "Teen Titans Go! to the Movies post-credits hints at classic Teen Titans cartoon's return" (Press release). Polygon. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  18. ^ Whitbrook, James. "The Original Animated Teen Titans Will Return for Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans" (Press release). i09. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
  19. ^ "Teen Titans Go! Vs. Teen Titans - Exclusive Official Trailer". YouTube. June 26, 2019. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  20. ^ "'Teen Titans' Talent Reflects on OG, New Series Movie Matchup - Media Play News". July 22, 2019. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  21. ^ "Return of the TeenTitans – Teen Titans Video". IGN. February 15, 2012. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  22. ^ Goldman, Eric (June 8, 2012). "Teen Titans Returning With New Full Length Episodes". IGN. Archived from the original on November 6, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
  23. ^ "Teen Titans Reimagined for Cartoon Network this Spring in 'Teen Titans Go!'" (Press release). DC Comics. March 13, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
  24. ^ "Preview image - Teen Titans 76". Newsarama.com. October 2009. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011.
  25. ^ "Titans East". Comicvine.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011.
  26. ^ Final Crisis #1. DC Comics.
  27. ^ Teen Titans #38. DC Comics.
  28. ^ Titans (vol. 2) #17. DC Comics.
  29. ^ Future State Teen Titans #1 and #2 (January and February 2021)
  30. ^ Teen Titans Academy #1 (March 2021)
  31. ^ Cadigan, Glen (2008). "J. Torres – Adapting the Animated Antics of the Teen Titans". Titans Companion 2. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-893905-87-0.
  32. ^ "83, Teen Titans". IGN. January 23, 2009. Archived from the original on May 15, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  33. ^ Caruso, Nick (October 24, 2020). "The Top TV Theme Songs of All Time: Animated Series". TVLine. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  34. ^ "Teen Titans Merchandise". Titans Tower. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
  35. ^ "Toys & Games". titansgo.net. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
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